2. Case Study of Nazi Germany

Hitler’s Germany Important Dates ☆ ★ 1914: Start of WWI ★ 1917: October Revolution/Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ★ 1918: End of WWI; Declaration of Weimar Republic ★ 1919: Treaty of Versailles; Formation of LON ★ 1920: Kapp Putsch ★ 1923: Hitler’s failed Munich Putsch; The Ruhr Crisis ★ 1924: Dawes Plan ★ 1925: Locarno Treaties ★ 1929: Young Plan; The Great Depression ★ 1932: July elections; Hitler’s Appeal to the Nation ★ 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor; Reichstag Fire & Emergency Power; March elections & Enabling Act ★ 1934: Night of the long Knives; death of President Hindenburg; Hitler became Führer Important People ☆ Chaotic White Male Name Adolf Hitler Paul von Hindenburg Ernest Rohm Role Führer of 󰎲 Former President of 󰎲 Leader of SA Chaotic White Male Name Heinrich Himmler Herman Goering Joseph Goebbels Role Head of SS Minister of Interior Minister of Propaganda Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

Nazi Ideology Political Economic Rejection of Internationalism ● national interests > diplomacy & cooperation ● rejected outward-looking international perspective of LON and countries that led LON ( 󰏅 & 󰏃 ) ● goal: abolish TOV & all terms, including LON Führer Principle ● replaced democracy with Führer as supreme authority ● Hitler as single source of power; the strong leader Aggressive Foreign Policy ● pulled out as many international agreements & treaties as possible ● only signed treaties with nations they needed to further Nazi interests ○ to protect national interests & strategically set themselves up to win the war that Hitler was planning ➢ Rome-Berlin Axis pact with Italy ( 1936 ) ➢ Nazi-Soviet Pact with USSR ( 1939 ) Autarky ● belief that the Nazi nation should be entirely economically self sufficient ● goal: strived to restore economy to the point where they do not need to depend on other countries to support the economy Military Social Lebensraum ● living space: 󰎲 needed to expand to exercise its superiority (expansionist ideology) Annexation ● take over/annex other countries and incorporate territory into their nation ● Anschluss ( 1938 ) ● used Social Darwinism theory to argue that the Aryan race was the most advanced and thus the superior race ● Jewish race seen as inferior race ● theory was used to justify Nazi racial policies ● ghettoisation, clearing & extermination to remove inferior minority groups from population (ethnic cleansing) ● unite all racially pure 󰎲 s to return to the motherland and make 󰎲 great again Rise of Hitler CC ☆ Hitler rise to power ★ able to gain broad-based support (✔✔) ★ able to eliminate political opponents (✘✘) ★ Note: ✘ other parties losing support ≠ Nazis gained support ✓ parties lost support from different groups of 󰎲 s → 󰎲 s gave their support ot Nazis because → Nazis made promises that appealed to different groups of 󰎲 s Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

Weaknesses of the WG Political Political Weaknesses of the Weimar Government D The Weimar Constitution Ex ● new Weimar govt. came up with a new constitution - was approved by a majority in the Reichstag but there were a number of representatives who voted against it ● under new constitution, Germans >20yrs old and women could vote ● party representation in Reichstag would be determined by proportional representation ● in order to form a govt. → several parties must come together → coalition govt. ● challenging to pass laws as govt. consisted of diff. parties A Led to the rise of Hitler as: ● germans were used to strong leadership under the Kaiser ● Hitler’s Nazi Party promised them strong leadership ● able to: ○ gain broad-based support from: nationalists, older germans D Blamed for signing the armistice & TOV Ex ● many germans felt shocked and angry with terms of TOV - majority thought that the german army had ended the war undefeated ● many germans called the treaty a dictated peace (diktat) forced upon germas ● germans saw the Weimar Republic and its politicians “Novermber Criminals” and believed they have been “stabbed in the back” (dolchstoss) by the politicians who agreed to the armistice A This led to the rise of Hitler as: ● Weimar Govt. was associated with the signing of the armistice and TOV ● Hitler was seen as the leader who will make G strong again ● able to: ○ gain broad-based support from: nationalists, army D Internal threats to the Weimar Republic Internal threats to the Weimar Republic D Ex A ● many groups opposed and wanted to uprisings and rebellions How did the WG stop the disorder? ● these uprisings and rebellions created social disorder ● ?? Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

overthrow the WG Spartacist © Rebellion - Jan 1919 ● inspired by © Revolution in Russia ● took over control of public buildings ● put up red flags (symbol of ©) ● WG used the Freikorps to stop rebellion ● because the 󰎲 army was restricted to 100,000 men by TOV! Kapp Putsch - March 1920 ● led by Kapp ○ nationalist ● gathered the Freikorps in an attempt to take over the military and overthrow the WR because of humiliation caused by TOV ● Putsch did not have the support of the people or 󰎲 Army and was crushed :( Hitler’s failed Munich Putsch - Nov 1923 ● 󰎲 was facing econ. problems ● Hitler used anger by 󰎲 s to stage a revolt ● planned to seize control of Bavaria and then marche to berlin and overthrow the WR ● failure showed Hitler he needed to win support of people through legal means (elections) rather than violence ● revolt was badly organised ● 16 Nazis killed ● Hitler was arrested; wrote Mein Kampf ● Hitler was given a light sentence as many people including judges, rich people, the army and nationlists supported the Nazis ● Hitler’s failed putsch and trial made him into a national figure in 1923 Economic Economic Weaknesses of the Weimar Government D Ex A The Ruhr Crisis & Hyperinflation 1. TOV forced G to pay reparations of 6.6 billion pounds 2. G failed to make payment in January 1923 3. Fr and Belgium troops occupied Ruhr and took its resources as payment 4. German govt. ordered workers to go on a strike → halt in industrial production → G currency collapsed Led to rise of Hitler as: ● Ruhr crisis showed the inability of the Weimar govt. to manage economy → resulted in hyperinflation ● middle class Germans lost all their savings and became poor ● Hitler vowed to… ➢ improve the economy ➢ create a strong govt. Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

5. govt. continued printing banknotes as more money caused value of the currency to decrease → led to hyperinflation ● WG’s inability to provide solutions to e