SAJC 9174 Prelims H2 History P1

© SAJC 2025 9174/01/J2/Prelims/2025 ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 HISTORY Paper 1: The Changing International Order (1945–2000) 9174/01 17 Sept 2025 3 hours No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front of the cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. _________________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page. [Turn Over

2 © SAJC 2025 9174/01/J2/Prelims/2025 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE COLD WAR 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A The truth of the matter is that Europe’s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products , principally from the US , are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deteriorating of a very grave character. It is logical that the USA assists in Europe’s return to normal economic health, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. Any government willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation from the United States Government. Any government which blocks the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us. Furthermore, governments which seek to perpetuate human misery to profit thereof will encounter the opposition of the USA. From a speech by US Secretary of State George Marshall, 5 June 1947. Source B In January of this year, an economic conference was held in Moscow of representatives from Bulgarian, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Hungary and the Soviet Union, at which it was decided to create a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). The conference has considerable success in the development of economic relations between the countries affected and realising a policy of economic cooperation, which will help to speed up the reconstruction and development of their national economies. The conference stated that the governments of the United States, England and certain other countries of Western Europe are boycotting trade relations with the Soviet Union and its allies, because the Soviet Union and its allies do not consider it possible to subordinate themselves to the dictates of the Marshall Plan, as this plan infringes on the sovereignty of countries and the interests of their national economies. Taking this into consideration, the conference discussed the question of the possibility of organising economic cooperation between the countries of the peoples’ democracies and the Soviet Union. In order to realise broader economic cooperation between the countries of the people’s democracies and the Soviet Union, the conference judged it indispensable to create the CMEA, whose task it will be to exchange technical aid and mutual aid in raw materials, industrial equipment etc. Press statement to Communist newspapers after a conference in Moscow, January 1949.

3 © SAJC 2025 9174/01/J2/Prelims/2025 Source C I think we ought to protest with all the vigo ur of which we are capable against the Russian program in Iran. There is no justification for it. It is in line with the high handed and arbitrary manner, in which Russia acted in Poland. Iran was our ally in World War II. Iran was Russia’s ally in the War. Iran agreed to the free passage of arms, ammunition and other supplies running into millions of tons across her territory from the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea. Without these supplies, furnished by the United States, Russia would have been ignominiously defeated. Yet now Russia stirs up rebellion and keeps troops on the soil of her friend and ally, Iran. There isn’t a doubt in my mind that unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language, another war is in the making. I do not think we should play compromise any longer. We should let our position on Iran be known in no uncertain terms. I’m tired of babying the Soviets. Truman’s letter to US Secretary of State James Byrnes, 5 January 1946. . Source D Stalin holds up “PLANS FOR MAKING TANKS NOT FOR THOSE IMPERIALIST BEASTS” A cartoon from a British newspaper, May 1950. .

4 © SAJC 2025 9174/01/J2/Prelims/2025 Source E Neither side can bear sole responsibility for the onset of the Cold War. The Cold War grew out of a complicated interaction of external and internal developments inside both the United States and the Soviet Union. The external situation ; circumstances beyond the control of either power, left Americans and Russians facing one another across prostrated Europe at the end of World War Two. Internal influences in the Soviet Union; the search for security, the role of ideology, massive post -war reconstruction needs, the personality of Stalin, together with those in the United States; the need for self-determination, fear of Communism, the illusion of omnipotence fostered by American economic strength and the atomic bomb , made the resulting confrontation a hostile one. Leaders of both superpowers sought peace, but in doing so yielded to considerations, which, while they did not precipitate war, made resolution of differences impossible. It seems likely that Washington policymakers mistook Stalin’s determination to ensure Russian security through spheres of influence for a renewed effort to spread communism. On the other hand, the United States had a monopoly over the world’s most powerful weapon. From an extract from a book by John Lewis Gaddis, 1972. Source F I should say there were conflicting feelings. Molotov was willing to agree to discuss the question. He understood the Soviet Union needed help. In his reply he noted that reconstruction was everyone’s main aim, and the United States’ offer of help should be welcomed. Stalin, with his suspicious nature, didn’t like it. ‘This is a ploy by Truman. They don’t want to help us. What they want is to infiltrate European countries,’ he said. But Molotov insisted on his view and went to the Paris Conference in 1947. Stalin, meanwhile, received information that the Americans did not want us to take part. Stalin became even more suspicious and moved to stop the countries friendly to us taking part. Vladimir Yerofeyev, an official translator in the Soviet Foreign Ministry at the time of the Marshall Plan, interviewed in 1997. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided b y Sources A and B about plans for European economic recovery. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-F support the assertion that Soviet distrust of the West resulted in the emergence of the Cold War? [30]

5 © SAJC 2025 9174/01/J2/Prelims/2025 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 To what extent did protectionism pose a more serious challenge to the global econo