My dumb personalized Geog Notes

My O-Level Geography Notes (Personalized) Assalamualaikum, we will first start off with memorisation (Overall topics and notes needed). Later on will be the answering techniques and the different types of questions usually tested. Lastly, there will be the essays which we need to memorise. 🙂 GEOGRAPHY IN EVERYDAY LIFE People and nature are dependent on each other: People dependent on nature: - Nature provides essential needs like water and air so that -> humans can survive. - Living organisms like bees pollinate crops so that -> humans have continuous supply of food. - Nature provides space for recreational and leisure activities - allows people to bond with family and friends -> maintains humans’ mental and physical well-being - Connects ppl with nature and reduces stress which -> improves physical, psychological and social well-being. Nature dependent on people

- People tend to the health of nature and wildlife -> ensuring animals living there thrive - Community activities promote importance of environmental protection - E.g, NParks held a Green Wave Campaign which aims to educate the youth about the importance of environmental protection. Nature and people mutually affect each other: - Green spaces and urban wildlife - Green spaces help enhance peoples’ mental health and well-being - Green spaces can be a habitat for urban wildlife, allowing them to exist - Human activities in nature areas - People gain enjoyment and enhance health and well-being - Enhances biodiversity - Enhances overall health of natural environment due to addition of shelter and habitat for urban wildlife - Nature and People benefit each other POSITIVE: - nature areas lower air temperatures, remove pollutants and provide space for recreation - community activities that promote the importance of environmental protection are carried out - E.g, NParks held a Green Wave campaign which aims to educate youth about importance of environmental protection.

NEGATIVE: - wildlife from nearby nature areas may harm people and environmental protection limits development COMMERCIAL BREAK: What does limiting development mean? - Residents are afraid development would bring them inconvenience or damage their property and may result in homes being acquired to make way for construction Anyways last point is this: - visitors to nature cause soil erosion, damage vegetation, worsen pollution and disturb wildlife Common Question: Explain why there is an increase in human-wildlife encounters. - Urban expansion - Natural habitats may shrink which causes wildlife to venture out of nature areas into urban districts in search of food and shelter , thus increasing human-wildlife encounters. - People’s growing interest in outdoor recreation - Ppl spending more time in nature areas increases likelihood of encountering wildlife. - Greening efforts by the state - Singapore wants to bring back nature into the city which promotes human wildlife encounters Reasons for human-wildlife conflict: - Wildlife population increase -> People who may not know how to deal with animals may unintentionally provoke wild animals , leading to attacks. - Animals may be confused and fearful

- When they venture into unfamiliar urban spaces, it increases the likelihood of attacks when fearful or triggered. Next part of GIEL: Sense of place Common question: How do we acquire a sense of place? - Repeated encounters with objects and people along familiar paths - Significant and memorable events at local landmarks and gathering places - Shared experiences - Public symbols which reflect a community’s response to a tragedy and helps residents preserve memories of loved ones How is sense of place represented? - Represented through different forms of media by individuals and organisations Common question: How do representations of sense of place enhance/contradict one’s sense of place? ENHANCED: - Sense of place can be enhanced when people respond well to representations that agree with how they feel about certain places. - Such representations add new layers of meanings to places by revealing interesting information about them CONTRADICT: - Others respond defensively to media content that challenges our sense of place - This causes us to dismiss this media content, perceiving them as distortions and untruths.

Now time for my least favourite part of GIEL: Relationships between locations in neighbourhoods Firstly, what are regions? - Areas with similar physical or human characteristics How to classify regions? - Environmental characteristics: Nature vs built up areas - Human characteristics: Commercial or residential areas - Geographical locations: North vs South/ East vs West - Sphere of influence: Effect on people, causing significant change Now to the actual important stuff: Spatial Patterns Spatial patterns refer to the non-random arrangement of services, events and objects. - Shapes and geometry: Circle line for example - Creates more connections, shorten travel time - Clusters/Concentrations - Allows ppl to travel to destinations efficiently and conveniently - For eg, evenly spread out - increases accessibility and convenience - For eg, located near - increases accessibility and convenience Spatial Associations: The tendency of a pair of services, events or objects to be located near each other. - E.g, lifts and stairways suggests connections between each other - Also yet again accessible and convenient

Spatial scales: Extent of an area in which a process takes place - Helps us understand how events and processes at one spatial scale may affect people and nature at other spatial scales So honestly for this spatial scales thing, you only really need to remember the TOWN PLANNING & Spatial Hierarchies Spatial Hierarchy: Biggest to smallest btw Firstly, TOWN -> have integrated transport hubs -> goal is to attract visitors/businesses Oh oso -> Large gathering places where community activities take place regualrly -> Wide range of facilities and features that enhance residents’ convenience and meet everyday needs Secondly,