2025 CJC Prelim P1 MARK SCHEME

Catholic Junior College JC2 Preliminary Examinations Higher 2 GEOGRAPHY 9173/01 29 August 2025 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An Answer Booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Write your Centre number, index number and name on the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer both questions. Section B Answer two questions, one from each cluster. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 4 printed pages.

MARK SCHEME 2 Section A Answer both questions Cluster 1 Development, Economy and Environment 1 Resource 1 shows a map of BYD Electric Vehicle (EV) production plants around the world and their annual production capacity (thousands of units). Resource 2 shows the EV sales by continent. Resource 3 shows the major Chinese EV and EV battery manufacturing investments in Europe. EV batteries are crucial components in EVs. Resource 4 shows miners at a cobalt cleaning site in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cobalt is a crucial component in EV batteries. (a) Explain the influence of labour characteristics on TNC’s locational decisions. Award 1m for each explanation. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each explanation, where applicable. • Skilled labour tends to attract investment of higher -value production parts of the TNC, such as that of research and development or high-end manufacturing. [1] • This is because of the need to undertake very skilled work in these areas, including managerial and precision work. [+1] • Low waged labour tends to attract low -end production, or manufacturing parts of the GPN because of profit -maximisation aims of TNCs. [1] • For example, since 1950s, there was a widespread shift of low - end manufacturing to LDCs in East Asia, while today, this shift has spread to Latin America. [+1] • Machinery and technology have allowed low-end production to be taken on by unskilled labour in LDCs. [+1] • The strength of the labour union might discourage TNC investment because of their ability to push for higher wages or go on strikes. [1] • Strong unions with high incidence of strikes is disruptive to TNC production and this is not attractive to TNCs. [1] AO1 [5] (b) With reference to Resource 1, describe the location and production capacity of main BYD EV production plants around the world. Award 1m for each description. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each description , where applicable. Award a maximum of 2 marks if only location or production capacity is described. • Most of the BYD production plants are in China. [1] • The capacity of the production plants in China are currently collectively the highest, with 6 plants, ranging from 150k to 500k each in production. [+1] • Followed by production capacity in Europe. [1] • Which is at 300k and additional 150k soon. [+1] • Asia will eventually have the largest share of production capacity and plants. [1] [5]

MARK SCHEME 3 • Current and projected plants will be distributed across all continents except Australia. [1] • Future and current plants will be concentrated in Europe and Asia. [1] AO2 (c) With reference to Resources 2 and 3, suggest reasons for the locations of BYD production plants. Award 1m for the suggestion of each reason. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each reason where applicable. • Asia has the highest sales and this means that production is concentrated there to tap into this large consumer market. [1] / Europe has the second highest consumers and this is also why BYD is located in Europe. [1] • Asia (8.1m) / Europe (3.2m) [+1] • Smallest market in Oceania so no production there. [1] • Being in Asia / Europe allows BYD to get around tariffs and reduce transport costs within Asia. [1] • Components and parts of the car may be produced in Asia because of access to cheap labour, and this reduces overall costs. [1] • BYD might want to get around trade blocs like EU or ASEAN, so they produce in these regions. [1] • They also locate more in these regions to cater to specific tastes and preferences of their consumers in these large markets. [1] • Production is lowest in Oceania because of small consumer market and excess production will incur higher costs of transportation to other markets. [1] AO2 [6] (d) With reference to Resource 3, explain how global production networks of transnational corporations (TNCs) connect places across the world. Award 1m for each explanation. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each explanation where applicable. • They connect places encouraging the flow of parts to assembly plants, across countries. [1] • For example, battery plants in parts of Europe send batteries to EV plants in Europe. [+1] • They encourage the flow of capital from the HQ likely to be China, to these EV plants in Europe to set up factories. [1] • They encourage the flow of information from plants to battery plants about how much and what to produce. [1] • Example: Chinese EV plants such as BYD, Chery, Geely, Nio are scattered across France, Hungary, Poland etc, and they will tap on the batteries in Spain, UK, Hungary etc. [+1] [5]

MARK SCHEME 4 • Profits from these EV and battery plants are likely to be sent back to the HQ in the home country. [1] • Inter-firm networks such as collaborations between Chinese and non-Chinese firms also result in capital flows and information about goods connection between these firms within Europe and China. [1] AO2 (e) With reference to Resource 4, e xplain the impacts of extractive industries. Award 1m for each explanation. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each explanation where applicable. • Water pollution from chemical spills will pollute water bodies and destroy habitats. [1] • Contamination of water will also result in lack of clean drinking water for communities dependent on these water bodies. [1] • Poor working conditions under the hot sun and/or lack of protective gear in unregulated mines will result in injuries and poor health for the workers. [1] • This can be seen in the thin clothing, lack of helmets or hat in the unsheltered working conditions in the picture. [+1] • Employment opportunities for the locals is a positive impact from the mines. [1] AO2 [4] (f) Explain how states can influence operations of TNCs. Award 1m for each explanation. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each explanation where applicable. • States can regulate the amount of capital that is repatriated from the host country and this affects the profit retention at the home country. [1] • States can also upskill workers and this attracts TNC’s high-value production to be located in the country. [1] • The provision of transport infrastructure can also support manufacturing of TNCs and firms are likely to locate in these places. [1] • For example, Malaysia’s investment into creating a transport hub from Malaysia to the north is a way to encourage TNCs to invest in manufacturing within the country, to be transported outside the country. [+1] • States can also control labour unions to ensure that labor is docile and attractive to TNCs, encouraging TNCs to locate in these places. [1] • States can join trade blocs to ensure removal of tariffs and