2025 EJC Prelim P1 SMG

EUNOIA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination 2025 General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 H2 GEOGRAPHY Suggested Marking Guide 9173/01 02 September 2025 3 Hours This document consists of 10 printed pages.

Section A Answer both questions. Cluster 1: Development, Economy and Environment 1 Resource 1 shows the inward flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) globally from 2007 to 2019. Resource 2 shows the changes in employment by sector in China from 1952 to 2019. Resource 3 shows Chinese electric vehicle company Build Your Dreams (BYD)’s sales volume and manufacturing plants around the world in 2023. (a) Describe two ways to measure sustainable development. [4] Award 1 mark for each description of how sustainable development could be measured. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each description. Award a maximum of 2 marks for description on one way to measure sustainable development only. Possible responses include: • One way of measuring SD is to use a common set of social, economic and environmental indicators since SD is about the development across these various dimensions. [1 mark] This set of indicators could include “unemployment rate”, “air quality” and “crime rate” and the aggregate response from these indicators would provide an indication of whether SD has been achieved. [1 additional mark] • Another way to measure SD is to examine whether its dimensions such as economic growth is sustained over the years, through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [1 mark] For instance, by looking at SDG8 on decent work and economic growth and comparing how its indicators such as “ GDP per capita growth rate” as well as “unemployment rates” vary over the years, it is possible to measure whether SD has been achieved. [1 additional mark]. • Another way of measuring SD is to measure the extent to which its dimensions vary across the world by looking at for instance social inclusion varies across and within countries. [1 mark] This can be examined through various SDGs such as SDG4 which looks at inclusive and quality education for all, and SDG5 on gender equality. [1 additional mark] (b) Using Resource 1, describe the changes in inward flows foreign direct investment (FDI) from 2007 to 2016. [4] Award 1 mark for every description of changes in inward flows of FDI from 2007 to 2016. Award maximum 1 additional mark for further development of each description. Possible responses include: • Generally, most countries seem to have experienced up to 500% increase in inward FDI from 2007 to 2016. [1 mark] • Developing regions such as South America, Africa and Asia generally experienced greater percentage of increase in inward FDI as compared to the more developed areas such as United States, Australia and United Kingdom . [1 mark] Most of these developing regions experience 500% increase in inward FDI

or more such as China while the developed areas experience 100% increase such as the United Kingdom and Australia. [1 additional mark] • However, there were some countries in Europe that have experienced a decrease in inward FDI of up to 100%. [1 mark] (c) Using Resource 1, account for the distribution in the stocks of foreign direct investments (FDI). [6] Award 1 mark for every explanation for the variations in the stocks of FDI. Award maximum 1 additional mark for further development of every explanation. Possible responses include: • More developed regions generally receive higher amounts of FDI stock as they generally have a more highly skilled labour force that can attract TNCs to locate higher-valued parts of their global production networks in these economies . [1 mark] For instance, developed economies such as the United States is home to the HQs of many high-tech firms such as Meta, Apple and Microsoft which help to bring in significant amounts of FDI worth $6,391 billion. [1 additional mark] • In contrast, developing regions in the Global South in parts of Africa and South America tend to receive much lower FDI stock ($1 to $100 billion) due to the political instability in some of the developing regions may deter TNCs from investing in these economies since it can render their businesses/ profits to be volatile. [1 mark] • Some emerging economies such as Brazil in South America and China in Asia received relatively high inward FDI of about $1,000 billion due to the large labour market available for labour -intensive manufacturing processes to be offshored there. [1 mark] The large labour market available usually also meant that labour costs will be cheaper , thus lowering the TNCs’ costs of production and more profitable for manufacturing processes to be located in these places. [1 additional mark] (d) Cite data from Resource 2 to describe the changes in the structure of China’s economy from 1952 to 2019. [5] Award 1 mark for each description using data on the changes in China’s economic structure. Award maximum 1 additional mark for further development of every description. Possible responses include: • While China’s economy was largely agricultural in 1952 as 8 2% of China’s workforce was employed in the sector, it has since become the least significant sector in 2019, as merely 26% of workforce was engaged in agriculture. [1 mark] This shows a long -term decline in the agricultural sector as China industrialised and modernised. [1 additional mark] • Meanwhile, the proportion of people working in the services sector rose from about 10% in 1952 to around 48% in 2019. [1 mark]. Services overtook both industry and agriculture to become the largest employment sector after 2010. [1 additional mark] • Employment in industry grew more gradually from about 8% in 1952 to about 28% in 2019, as compared to the changes in the other two sectors. [1 mark]

(e) Using Resource 3, explain how BYD’s sales and manufacturing plants show interdependence between places in the global economy. [5] Award 1 mark for every explanation on how BYD’s sales and manufacturing plants show interdependence between places in the global economy. Award maximum 1 additional mark for further development of every explanation. Possible responses include: • Resource 3 shows the interdependence between places where BYD’s battery and electric bus plants are manufactured since the latter requires batteries as a component goods. [1 mark] For instance, the electric bus plants in Newmarket, Canada and Lancaster, US, are likely to be dependent on the battery plants in the Antofagasta region in Chile and Camarci in Brazil for batteries. [1 additional mark] • Resource 3 also shows the location of BYD’s assembly plants in countries like Thailand, Uzbekistan and Brazil (Camarci) where component parts produced elsewhere such as batteries in Hungary (Komaron/Fot), tires and engines are assembled into the final product. [1 mark] This illustrates the interdependence between locations which provide the lowly -skilled labour for assembly -line work and places where more highly-skilled work is conducted. [1 additional mark] • Although the various manufacturing and assembly plants are located in specific places, BYD’s products are distributed and sold to consumer markets across various regions, demonstrating how these consumer markets are dependent on these manufacturing bases. [1 mark]. As seen from Resource 3, the sales of more than 1,000 units in countries like Australia, South America, Southeast As ia, and Europe, and over 4 million units in China, are dependent on the regions where BYD’s electric vehicles are produced. [1 additional mark]

(f) Explain how TNCs can impact progress towards sustainable development in host economies. [6] Award 1 mark for every explanation on how TNCs can impact progress towards sustainable development in host eco