NUSH BL2131 Notes

BL2131 Notes Foundations in Biology II Topics 1 to 7 This is a compilation of topics taught in BL2131. Made by LQ “Double the initial number of the module code, double the pain!” ~Einstein or someone idk Links of All LQ Notes: LQ Notes Links Document Topic Page Topic 1: Transport in Plants 2 Topic 2: Transport in Hoomanz 22 Topic 3: Respiration 40 Topic 4: Heredity 48 Topic 5: Reproduction in Plants 56 Topic 6: Reproduction in Hoomanz 66 Topic 7: Homeostasis and Thermoregulation 85 Sources 95 Author’s Note Please use at your own discretion, information in this set of notes may not be correct (im not good at bio okay) , do confirm with your Lovely Biology Teachers if you have any doubt, and if you can, drop a comment in the notes if you find a mistake. Information marked with [confirm] need further clarification, if you have knowledge on the content, pleeeeeaaaassse help. Everything that says “FYI” is purely for additional reading, and is not tested (at this level). Thanks for reading and good luck! :D Note: Topic 1 - Transport in Plants is NOT tested for EOY Exams. ~Page 1 of 100~

Topic 1: Transport in Plants Recap: If you need a Recap for Y1 Biology BL1131, consider referring to BL1131 NotesTopic 7: Nutrition in Plants before continuing. 1.1 Parts of a Leaf Consider the transverse section of a Privet ( ligustrum ) plant below, in Figure 1 . 1 . Figure 1.1: A Transverse Section of a Ligustrum Leaf This is a typical dicotyledonous (or dicot, for short) leaf. We can label this transverse section as such: Figure 1.2: Labelled Transverse Section of Ligustrum Leaf However, as you might notice, the stoma and vascular bundles are not labelled. ~Page 2 of 100~

Figure 1.3: Labelled Stoma of Ligustrum Leaf Figure 1.3 above shows the stoma of the Ligustrum Leaf. For clarity’s sake, here’s a clearer image of what the stoma looks like, from an Alfalfa ( Medicago Sativa ) plant: Figure 1.4: Labelled Stoma of Medicago Sativa Leaf ~Page 3 of 100~

Figure 1.5: Labelled Vascular Bundle of Ligustrum Leaf Note that the xylem is always above the phloem (when the leaf is positioned naturally, i.e. stomata on the bottom). ~Page 4 of 100~

1.2 Vascular Tissues in the Stem Figure 1.6: Longitudinal Section of Cucurbita Stem Figure 1.6 above shows the Longitudinal Section of Vascular Tissues of a Squash ( Cucurbita) Plant Stem. The xylem is always positioned closer to the centre of the stem than the phloem, as in Figure 1.7 below: Figure