Geography CAQ

🌏 Geography Essay 🌆Urban reimaging essay Slums essay Fieldwork Fieldwork Questions Sustainable Urban Development reasons for changes in urban population Pull factor: As manufacturing can be labour-intensive (such as making of garments in garment factories and leather products in tanneries) and often urban- Geograph y 1

based, it offers potential for employment and higher wages, which would be a strong pull factor for the rural population to move to the city The growth of services such as more and better education, health care and shopping malls become powerful pull factors for the rural population who are attracted to these services Push factor: With mechanisation / use of machinery in agriculture such as tractors and combine harvesters, there is less reliance on human labour which results in a decline in employment in this sector. This causes some of the rural population to seek employment in urban areas instead. Counter urbanisation) Explain how changes in urban population in may pose challenges in its progress towards sustainable urban development Environmental dimension: generation of massive amounts of untreated and uncollected waste as the escalating urban growth rates and lack of finances as cities are unable to meet the exceeding demands of services such as waste collection and management Economic: Lack of opportunities for formal sector employment as working age population is growing much faster than gainful employment opportunities causing many involved in informal sectors such as junk collectors and car cleaners leading to low or unstable incomes leading to poverty Social: Health issues/ lack of access to education or healthcare services due to unsanitary living conditions caused by lack of waste collection service and infrastructure which makes the place a breeding ground for diseases such as cholera and dengue And due to low incomes, children may not be able to access educational opportunities and healthcare services Geograph y 2

For urban population loss: Urban population loss may result in loss of investments due to the decrease in working population, as businesses leave the city and no new investments are attracted in This affects economic sustainability due to the loss of employment opportunities and rise in poverty levels due to the decline in income As a result of the decrease in middle and upper-class population, this may lead to a decline in tax base This affects social sustainability as the reduction in government revenue may result in less investments in the availability of public services and amenities (e.g. healthcare, education), which could lead to more health problems and lower literacy rates. As businesses and people migrate out and no new investments come in, this may result in abandoned and derelict buildings This affects social and environmental sustainability as buildings degenerate into a state of disrepair, causing pollution and attracting vandalism and pest infections.