geog essay outline

,SUD, elderly, woman,urban reimagining,liveability, waste,slums, impacts of cc, strategies of cc SLUMS Evaluate strategies Intro: Slum dwellers experience multiple deprivations in their everyday life such as lack of access to clean water and sanitation services, insecurity of tenure and overcrowded living conditions, all of which have adverse effects on their socio-economic well-being. Several strategies have been implemented to improve the lives of slum dwellers including top down and bottom up approaches such as redevelopment and self-help and in-situ upgrading schemes . The extent to which strategies implemented to manage urban slums have improved the lives of slum dwellers is dependent on the political ability of the government, the extent of stakeholder involvement and sustainability of the strategies in managing urban slums. CASE STUDIES Political ability Political ability refers to whether the government considers and takes into account the variety of issues faced by the slum dwellers and implements various strategies accordingly. The ability of the government to implement the strategies affects the degree of success of strategies implemented. Positive negative ● In Sg, squatter settlements were prevelant until HDB flats were set up in 1960 and now majority of the population stay in the public housing ○ Evaluation: success is due to long term strong political commitment as govt recognised and place high priority in addressing needs of low income families, offering them subsidies for housing ● São Paulo, Brazil, Cingapura project was a low cost housing initiative to move the poor population from favelas into high rise permanent structures ○ Evaluation: unsuccessful due to inability of govt to implement strategy properly as govt failed to fund the resources and use it for political agenda instead, hence improper inefficient implementation of strategy by the govt, lived of slum dwellers would not improve

Stakeholder involvement Issues faced by slum dweller are multifaceted, crucial that stakeholders like govt, community based organisation and slum community work together in order to understand the varying needs of slum dwellers It is evident that stakeholders play different yet irreplaceable roles to improve lives of slum dwellers and need to have sustained motivation to help them as these strategies take place over a long period of time Positive negative ● self help housing schemes for Kambi Moto community in Kenya allowed many households to secure tenure and redesign more stable and secure homes due to good collaboration between Nairobi City council, NGO called technical team, local savings group Mungano and slum dwellers, addressing housing needs for slum dwellers ● Dharavi Redevelopment in Mumbai India where many residents and NGOs protested agaisnt the initial plan of replacing slum structures with high rise buildings as it can disrupt cottage industries the slum dwellers depend on for their livelihoods and many felt the govt planned without counsulting the local community ● El Rabaul Barcelona, redeveloped housing only affordable to middle income despite 60% of units meant for low income, slum dwellers also chased out to make way for 1992 Barcelona olympics reimaging Sustainability the sustainability of the strategies is also important in evaluating the extent to which strategies can improve the lives of slum dwellers. Sustainability of the strategies refer to whether the strategy is properly implemented and can be effective in the long-run. +ve: ● Tap water for slum dwellers program ran by social enterprise Shobar Jonno Pani (SJP), aim to provide clean water to slum dwellers and successfully done so as they deliver the water directly to slums and average repayment ratio is 98%, well planed strategy will sustain for long period and allow positive changes to happen as needs addressed -ve:

● Water supply issue in Lagos, Nigeria, in 2008, the strategy was to build boreholes using a large sum of money from the World Bank. The strategy aims to increase sustainable access to basic urban services through investments in critical infrastructure. However, more than half of the boreholes have stopped working after 5 years despite aiming to last for 20 to 30 years due to various malfunctions in the borehole system and efforts to fix it were futile affecting the residents as they then lacked clean water for their daily activities and they were required to contribute money to help out in fixing the boreholes. Thus, the strategy deems to be ineffective as the residents are still deprived of clean water despite being supported by a large sum of money. Root cause: must address underlying issues which is urban porverty to help improve lives of slum dwellers in long term Positive: ● positive case study takes place in Milton Keynes, England. Milton Keynes was a new town built with an Act of Parliament which approved the building of a new community of around 250 000 people., constructed to help address the issue of housing shortage and overpopulation in London. The targets of establishing Milton Keynes included having a variety of housing types, low-density development to attract professional classes, and an efficient transport system. This addresses the root cause of the development of slums, which is overcrowding in major cities due to the inability to provide housing for the entire population, hence forcing people into slums. By creating a new town with several targets in place, not only does this provide housing for slum dwellers, but also paves way for regional development in the long term as well. Hence, this strategy is effective in improving the lives of slum dwellers. Negative: negative example is the Pruitt-Igor housing project in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, which was intended to provide modern, affordable housing for low-income residents who were displaced by slum clearance initiatives. However, this project faced the lack of support services as it solely focused on housing without providing residents with access to job training , education or other social services that could have helped them escape poverty. As a result, many residents remained trapped in cycles of unemployment and poverty. Furthermore, the design and location of Pruitt-Igor did not integrate residents into the broader urban fabric but instead reinforced their isolation, both physically and socially, fr