Chapter 4

Effects of the Great Depression: Economic nationalism Protectionism - Some countries (B,F,US) introduced tariffs to protect their own industries and limit or stop imports. - Trading partners did the same, resulting in an overall fall in trade volumes Calling in loans US banks called in their loans → collapse of banks and businesses → mass unemployment Rearmament Many countries (B,G,I,J) began rearmament process to boost industry and create jobs for the unemployed Radicalism GP helped bring radical regimes to power, like the Nazi party In other states like Italy, GP caused the regimes to adopt more extreme and aggressive policies Failure of LON in the 1930s Failure of disarmament Washington Naval Conference (1921) – Success - Negotiated outside the League to limit the size and the number of warships held by Britain France Japan and US - BUT it was organised by the US, who was not a LON member - Ratio of capital ships of B, US, J, F, and I set at 5:5:3:1.67:1.67 Locarno Treaties (1925) – Partial Success - Negotiated outside the league between countries like B,G,F,I and more - Germany accepted its western borders and the demartilisation of Rhineland + Weimar govt agreed to settle any disputes with the above countries through the LON League Commission to prepare for World Disarmament Conference (1926) – Failure - B+F refused to cooperate Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) - Negotiated outside the league between 15 countries

– Failure - Agreement that force should not be used to settle disputes BUT there was no clear way to enforce the pact World Disarmament Conference in Geneva (1932) ● Limiting Offensive weapons → Conference produced resolutions to prohibit the bombing of civilian population + chemical warfare + limit the size of artillery and tonnage of tanks → BUT they still could not agree on a few things ○ Difficult to agree on what offensive and defensive weapons are ○ Resolutions did little to ensure how limitations on weapons would be achieved e.g. bombing of civilians was banned but the planes capable of bombing could not be abolished ○ Individual countries used the conference to raise their own issues, e.g. Italy demanded to have a navy the same size as France ● Dealing with Germany: ○ Many countries did not know what to do with Germany → many thought that the terms in TOV was unfair, and should be changed, but they had differing views on how it should be changed → came up with 2 options ○ 1: Every country to disarm to the level that Germany ha