Elective Geog Mindmaps

AnsweringTechniques General● For calculated data (e.g. %, di., temp.range), quotetheoriginal datafirst● AlwaysATQw.r.t. questionstem● ‘Evaluate’, ‘describe impacts (did notspecify+or -)’ =discussboth+and-SectionA(W&CGI)1. Suggest hypothesis.As __ increases / decreases, __ increases /decreases. 2. Suggest guidingquestion.Howdoes__aect __? 3. Support /reject or validityof hypothesis.ATQ. 2 Supporting evidence + 1 anomaly: When__is (much) higher / lower /highest /lowest at__, the __ is (much) higher / lower / highest /lowest. 4. Test hypothesis / answer guiding question /show__onagraph.ATQ. x-axis (independent) = __, y-axis*(dependent) =__● Trend: temp. →simple line graph, rainfall→simplebar graph● Multiple locations / variables: temp. →comparative line graph, rainfall →comparativebar graph*For multiple weather variables: y-axiswith 1st vertical line = __ on the rightand 2nd line = on the left. Plot dataaccurately using dierent coloured lines / bars. Use a legend toindicatedierentcoloursfor dierent…● Relationship→scatter graphPlot best-fit line. Positive gradient =positive relationship. Negativegradient =negativerelationship. 5. DrawingconclusionsGeneral relationship. Decrease / increase is less/ more significant at lower / higher __of _, at_%from__to__. Bringintheoryif applicable. 6. Ensurereliability● One location = data doesnot account forchanges in __ across multiple locations→ take measurements at 2 otherlocationssuchas__and__.● Once at _ a.m. / p.m. daily = data doesnot account for changes in __ due tovariable weather throughout the day →in the morning at _ am, afternoon at _pmandat night at _pm● Dierent timings = data does notaccount for changes in __ due tovariable weather throughout the day →split into groups of 3 stationed at eachlocation to take readings simultaneously(andobtainaveragereadings)● Took measurements for _ days = scopeof data collection isn’t large enough →extend over a longer period of time of _days/weeks/monthsSectionsB&C7. Describingrelationships.As variable X increases / decreases from__to__, variable Y increases / decreases from__to__. +Anomalies, if any 8. Describingtrends.Overall trend: increase / decrease / constantfrom __ to __. + Significant changes (samedirection as overall trend): greatest / leastincrease / decrease of _% from __ to __. +Anomalies (opposite direction). + Comparisonsiftherearemorethan2variables 9. Describedistributions/patterns.Describe locations of low and high conc.: evi +descriptive words(e.g. highest /smallest, conc. /dispersed, inland / coastal) + specify names +compass directions + (choropleth maps)categorise into ‘high’, ‘moderate’ and ‘low’ +Anomalies, if any 10. Compareandcontrast.Compare=at least 1sim. &1di. Contrast =onlydi. 11. 8markessay.● Intro: While main factor, there are alsoother factorslike…● 4bodyparas(2v2onbothsides)● Balanced conclusion: short-term /long-term, DC / LDC, possible negativeeects, how fast it takes for benefits toset in, cost andeaseof strategyetc.

at a given temperature. Relative Humidity DEcreases as temperature Increases (inverse relationship) DESCRIBE • When temperature increases from 10°C to 20°C, relative humidity decreases by 48% • When temperature increases from 20°C to 30°C, relative humidity decreases by 22% EXPLAIN • This is because when temperature rises, the parcel of air EXPANDS and it can hold MORE water vapour. • If the amount of water vapour in the air stays the same, RH decreases. KQ1: ELEMENTS OF WEATHER KQ1.1: TEMPERATURE AFFECTED BY: DESCRIBE EXPLAIN 1. LATITUDE • Refers to the distance away from the equator At equator/low latitudes, temperatures are higher. Solar angle is HIGH  heat from the sun is concentrated on a small area. At higher latitudes, temperatures are lower. Solar angle is LOW  sun’s rays strike at a lower angle and the solar energy is spread out over a wider area. 2. A LTITUDE • Refers to the height of a place in relation to the sea level. At higher atitudes, temperatures are lower. Temperature decreases by 6.5⁰C with every 1000m increase in altitude. 2 reasons: 1. Distance from the surface • About half of the solar energy that reaches Earth’s surface will be absorbed directly. • Next, the warm surface then re-release the heat, warming up the atmosphere nearest to the ground. • The higher the altitude, the further you are from the surface of the earth which emits heat. 2. Air is thicker closer to earth’s surface • Additionally, gravity attracts more air molecules closer to earth’s surface. • Hence, there are more air molecules to absorb heat re-released by earth’s surface. • As a result, the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature. 3. CLOUD COVER • Refers to amount of the sky that is covered by clouds. PRESENCE OF CLOUDS When there is more cloud cover, diurnal (daily) temperature range is smaller. • During the day, clouds reflect a lot of the Sun’s energy back into space  air near earth’s surface is cooler (does not heat up as much). • During the night, clouds absorb heat radiated from earth’s surface, preventing it from escaping into the space  air near earth’s surface is warmer (does not cool down as much). ABSENCE OF CLOUDS When there is less cloud cover, diurnal (daily) temperature range is larger. • During the day, absence of clouds allow large amounts of sun’s energy to reach the earth, heating up earth’s surface. • During the night, absence of clouds allow more heat radiated from the earth’s surface to escape into space.  air near earth’s surface cooler. 4. DISTANCE FROM SEA MARITIME EFFECT • Causes coastal areas to have smaller annual temperature range. • Due to this effect, coastal areas experience cooler summers and warmer winters. During Summer: • Air over the sea is cooler than air over land because sea heats up slower. Cooler air over the sea helps lower the temperature of coastal areas. Coastal areas are cooler than areas inland. During Winter: • Air over the sea is warmer than air over the land because sea loses heat more slowly than land. Warmer air over the sea helps increase the temperature of coastal areas. Coastal areas are warmer than areas inland. CONTINENTAL EFFECT • Causes inland areas to have a larger annual temperature range. • Areas further inland experience warmer summers and colder winters During Summer: • Land heats up faster than sea. Thus, Inland areas are warmer than coastal areas as it not influenced by sea. During winter: • Land loses heat faster than sea. Thus, Inland areas are cooler than coastal areas as it is not influenced by sea. KQ1.2: RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) KQ1.3: RAINFALL RELIEF RAIN Condition: Warm, moist air forced over a MOUNTAIN 1) Wind blows the warm, moist air up against the mountain. 2) Air is forced up the windward side of the mountain. 3) As the air cools to dew point temperature, condensation occurs. When the water droplets become heavy enough, they fall as relief rain. 4) By the time the air moves to the leeward side, the air is dry and no rain falls. CONVECTIONAL RAIN Condition: Intense heating (normally near the equator) 1) Air near the surface of the ground is heated strongly by solar energy. 2) The heated air expands, becomes less dense, and rise. 3) As the air cools to dew point temperature, condensation occurs. 4) As the ground gets heated continuously, cumulonimbus clouds are formed. 5) When the water droplets become heavy enough, they fall as convectional rain. KQ1.4: PRESSURE AND WIND SEA BREEZE During the DAY, the land heats up faster than the sea. Warm air expands & rises, creating an area of low pressure over land. The reverse happens at sea. Since air moves from high pressure to low pressure area, sea breeze blows FROM sea (high pressure) to land (low pressure). LAND BREEZE At NIGHT, land cools down faster than sea. Cold air sinks, creating an area of high pressure over land. The reverse happens at sea. Since air moves from high pressure to low press