Chapter 7-11 notes Geo

Chapter 7(How can we build sustainable cities) 1)Cities Cities are places with ● Built up area (e.g lots of skyscrapers, offices and infrastructure) ● Have a large population size and density (definition may change depending on area) ○ Formula for density: population land area ÷● Range of functions (e.g Location of High court, CBD, Location of corporations, Capital) 2)Relationship between Cities and Rural areas Rural areas are defined as areas with ● Lower population density ● Less functions ● Less built-up ● Usually somewhat remote (don’t take my word for it) People migrate from rural areas to urban cities due to a series of reasons, categorized as push and pull factors Push factors are reasons that want to make migrants leave their rural areas Examples include ● War ● Drought ● Lower quality of life ● Famine ● Lesser wages ● Lack of facilities

On the other hand, Pull factors are reasons that migrants want to migrate to urban areas Examples include ● Quality education ● Better job opportunities ● Better living conditions ● Better infrastructure Cities and rural areas can also benefit from each other Cities can benefit through ● More labour ● Business with rural businesses ● Food products from rural farmers Rural areas can benefit through ● Amenities in the city ● Purchasing of products either only found in the city or internationally 3)How do cities affect their inhabitants and the environment Inhabitants have many opportunities in the city, like ● Education and employment (schools and famous companies are often located in the city) ● Technological innovation (e.g advanced transport systems, urban planning) Inhabitants also face challenges in the city, like ● Increased air pollution (e.g the stupid haze from indonesia)

● Water pollution due to improper dumpage of waste (examples include the Ganges, the Yangtze and the Yellow rivers) ● Environmental pollution due to burning of fossil fuels and exhausts ● Competition for resources such as water and land 4)How can cities be sustainably built and managed Cities can be sustainably built through ● Environmental management strategies, such as ○ Regulating the use of natural resources ○ Using water treatment ponds to purify water reservoirs ● Government intervention like ○ Reducing air pollution using laws Cities can also manage hazards like natural disasters through measures such as ● Using better building materials (earthquakes) ● Planning land use (rising sea levels) Quality of life refers to a person's well being, and can be improved through strategies such as ● Providing safe housing ● Providing a variety of transportation modes ● Considering the needs of different groups Chapter 8(Housing and its spatial distribution) 1)Different types of housing

Housing are structures that people build to shelter themselves from the elements.There are 2 main types of housing: Formal and Informal Formal housing is housing that is ● Built on land that is either owned by the builder or the government with permission from them ● Built by private developers ● Have common amenities such as ○ Running water ○ (legal) electricity ● Built using strong materials such as ○ Concrete ○ steel Informal housing is housing that is ● Built on waste land illegally ● Built by themselves ● Lack common amenities ● Built using salvaged materials ○ Tarpaulin ○ Lumber ● Not planned for 2)Factors that affect the location of housing Multiple factors affect the location of housing built. Some of the factors include ● Land-use planning by the government (with restrictions placed around certain areas) ● Choices made by private developers

● Land prices going up ● Financial support to pay for said housing 9)Sustainable development of housing 1)How does housing affect the natural environment Housing affects the natural environment in multiple ways, like ● Usage of natural resources to build said houses ○ Minimised through using materials from sustainable sources ● Environmental pollution from land clearing and construction of housing ○ Can be minimised through control of construction I guess ● Irresponsible discharge of sewage from housing ○ Minimised through proper discharge or recycled to the literally shitty NEWater 2) How does housing affect people People are affected by housing in multiple ways, mostly positively, such as ● Provision of the basic human need for housing through construction ● Presence of amenities through construction near preexisting amenities ● Presence of communities in neighborhoods 3)How can housing be sustainably managed Housing has been sustainably managed through multiple ways, such as

● Integrated land use planning through using land for multiple purposes ● Provision of inclusive housing for everyone (big house for big family, small house for small family, playground for children, exercise corner for elderly for example) ● Environmental features in buildings (the blue bin, the 10 cent machine) ● Improvement of slums Chapter 10(transport of systems and their spatial distribution) 1)What are transport systems Transport systems are systems that transport people and goods, made out of networks, infrastructure and modes of transport. Transport networks are made of routes and nodes ● Nodes: are stops or stations in a transport network, kinda like a station in a train network ● Network: The actual roads and tracks between nodes

Transport infrastructure are buildings making up a transport system.They can be measured though several indicators Transport modes are ways which one can travel along a transport network. Examples include ● Buses ● Trains ● planes 2) Where are transport nodes located within a city There are many places in a city where transport nodes can be located. Considerations include how accessible it is and how much it is going to be used.Notable places are

● Business districts ● Near residential areas ● Near other nodes for other modes of transportation (e.g Airport, Port) 3)Why are transportation systems located in cities Transport systems play many roles in cities.Some of them are ● Facilitating the movement of people , goods and services ● Supporting connections between different transport systems. There are 2 types of transport connections. These are ● Point to point, where all cities in a system are connected to one another ● Hub and spoke, where a central city (Hub) connects to all the other cities Chapter 11(sustainable management of transport systems) 1)How do transport systems impact the environment in cities? Transport systems affect the environment in multiple ways, such as ● Destruction of habitats and the physical environment (like how Hong Kong leveled a mountain to build an airport) ● Increase in carbon footprint (like everything else) ● Pollution 2)