MJC H2 HIST P1

MJC/ JC2 PRELIM EXAMS 2015/ H2 HISTORY 9731 (1) 1 MERIDIAN JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examination Higher 2 ___________________________________________________________________ H2 History 9731 Paper 1: International History, 1945 - 2000 16 September 2015 3 Hours ___________________________________________________________________ READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics group clearly on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black ball point pen on both sides of the paper. Write the number of the question that you are attempting in the margin of every sheet of paper used. Start each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten this cover sheet and all your answers (in chronological order) securely together. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. All questions in this paper carry 25 marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Question Marks 1 Total ___________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 4 printed pages.

MJC/ JC2 PRELIM EXAMS 2015/ H2 HISTORY 9731 (1) 2 SECTION A You must answer Question 1. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) 1. Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A The docket of the International Court of Justice has grown fuller but it remains an under-used resource for the peaceful adjudication of disputes. Greater reliance on the Court would be an important contribution to United Nations peacemaking. In this connection, I call attention to the power of the Security Council under Articles 36 and 37 of the Charter to recommend to Member States the submission of a dispute to the International Court of Justice, arbitration or other dispute-settlement mechanisms. I reco mmend that the Secretary -General be authorized, pursuant to Article 96, paragraph 2, of the Charter, to take advantage of the advisory competence of the Court and that other United Nations organs that already enjoy such authorization turn to the Court more frequently for advisory opinions. All Member States should accept the general jurisdiction of the International Court under Article 36 of its Statute, without any reservation, before the end of the United Nations Decade of International Law in the year 2 000. In instances where domestic structures prevent this, States should agree bilaterally or multilaterally to a comprehensive list of matters they are willing to submit to the Court and should withdraw their reservations to its jurisdiction in the dispute settlement clauses of multilateral treaties. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, “Agenda For Peace – the tasks ahead”, 1992. Source B Year Numbers Contentious Cases Advisory proceedings 1940s 4 5 1950s 30 6 1960s 6 1 1970s 9 3 1980s 13 5 1990s 36 3 Cases referred to the ICJ since 1946. Taken from the United Nations ICJ website.

MJC/ JC2 PRELIM EXAMS 2015/ H2 HISTORY 9731 (1) 3 Source C Among the several reasons why the ICJ is held in such low repute, and what is candidly admitted privately in international circles, is the highly politicized nature of its decisions. Although ICJ judges supposedly function independently of their governments, their election by the United Nation’s General Assembly is a highly politicized matter, involving horse -trading among and within the United Nation’s several political groupings. Once elected, ICJ judges typically vote along highly predictable national lines except in the most innocuous of cases. We do not need a repetition of that hypocrisy. A former US diplomat in reference to the establishment for a new International Criminal Court, 2001. Source D A strong legal position gives the application deterrence against an antagonistic state, even if the Court ultimately fails to establish jurisdiction. This probably helps explain US resort to the Court in three aerial incidents of the 1950s in which the So viet Union twice and Bulgaria once were charged with illegally shooting down foreign aircraft. Undoubtedly, it was also a factor in Nicaragua’s 1984 decision to seek ICJ action on its complaint against the US for mining Nicaraguan harbours and aiding Nicaraguan rebels, although the Court subsequently found jurisdiction in that case and, indeed, ruled in favour of Nicaragua. American scholar, in an academic research on the United Nations, 1996. Source E The International Court of Justice stands ready f or business but thus far no customers have appeared. It would be unfair to say that these distinguished jurists are in the least worried by the unruffled calm of their existence. Still, in the words of Green H. Hackworth, United States member of the World Court: ‘All of the judges would be very glad indeed to see some honest -to-goodness business.’ They have finished their preliminary chores. In the first session of the court last year, questions of organisation were covered and in the second sitting, just ended, the fine points in administration were taken up. This, for the most part, consisted in changing the rules of the old Permanent Court of International Justice, operating under the Covenant of the League of Nations, to meet the needs of the new court, established by the Charter of the United Nations. So now the judges sit awaiting cases. The New York Times, 24 March 1947. Now answer the following question: How far do Sources A-E support the claim that up to 2000, the International Court of Justice had been important in the United Nations’ efforts to maintain peace?

MJC/ JC2 PRELIM EXAMS 2015/ H2 HISTORY 9731 (1) 4 SECTION B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 “The Cold War was fought beyond Europe because the superpowers intended to do so.” Discuss. 3 Who did more to discredit the communist ideology in Europe – the USSR or the USA? 4 How far was the decline of the Japanese economy in the 198 0s and 1990s due to governmental mismanagement? 5 Assess the consequences of the rise of religious fundamentalism on the security of the Islamic world up to 2000. 6 “The Arab -Israeli conflict bega n primarily because of Arab intervention in Jewish - Palestinian affairs.” How valid is this statement? - End of Paper-