VJC Prelim History P1

VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations HISTORY 8814/01 & 9731/01 Date: 12 September 2012 Duration: 3 hours vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name, index number and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper, but start your answer for each question on a fresh piece of paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue and/or correction fluid. Answer FOUR questions in total. One from Section A and three from Section B. At the end of the examination, fasten and submit the answer scripts for Section A and Section B separately. Attach the cover page to the front Section B. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are advised to spend no more than 45 minutes answering each question. You are reminded of the need for good English and legible handwriting in your answers. This question paper consists of 4 printed pages

VJC l History 8814/01 & 9731/01 l Preliminary Examination 2012 2 Section A: The Political Effectiveness of the United Nations, 1945-2000 You must answer Question 1. THE UN AND INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A When hijackings and terrorist incidents occur, there is international cooperation, including that of third-world governments to punish the culprits. This includes refusing to let hijacked planes land and refusing demands to release terrorists already imprisoned. The UN resolutions of 1979 to 1985 provide a general obligation for such cooperation. There was a great increase in international t errorism after 1980. However, cooperation under the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) dramatically lessened terrorist skyjackings and attempted skyjackings from an aver age of about 18 in 1970 to less than 2 at the end of the 1980s. [T]he su ccess of ICAO against skyjacking, and of the United Nations in negotiating the release of hostages from Lebanon and in mobilising sanctions against Libyan terrorism shows what can be done under international law and the United Nations. An American political science professor, in an academic study of the United Nations system, published in 1997. Source B In October 1999, the US asked the Security Council to impose economic sanctions on the Taliban, demanding that the Taliban turn over bin Laden. In the operative part of Resolution 1276, adopted on 15 October 1999, the Security Council [among other things]: “Demands that the Taliban turn over Osama bin Laden without further delay to… appropriate authorities in a country where he will be arrested and effectively brought to justice.” At a time when the UN Security Council often has trouble reaching agreement on whether one crisis or another constitutes a threat to international peace, the 15 -member Council was nevertheless able to reach solid agreement on t he growing dangers of international terrorism. The Security Council voted unanimously to wage a common fight against terrorists everywhere. Such an agreement is remarkable, and all the more so as two Islamic countries voted in favour. An extract from an article written by a Polish university professor, published in the European Journal of International Law, in 2001. Source C The United Nations has ordered Libya to surrender intelligence agents accused of the Lockerbie and French airliner bombing. The 15 -nation Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution urging Libya “immediately to provide a full and effective response” to the British and American demand that the two men – Lamen Khalifa Fhimah and Abdel Basser Ali al - Megrahi – be surrendered to stand trial. Despite the move, families of the victims of the Lockerbie bombing criticised the United Nations resolution for being weak and inadequate. … A senior Libyan official said that Tripoli had no intention of extraditing the men. An extract from a BBC news article, published on 21 January 1992.

VJC l History 8814/01 & 9731/01 l Preliminary Examination 2012 3 Source D The violent acts of NSAs (non-state actors) to date have been an unstoppable threat. The UN, with the aid of its member states and other counter-terrorism organisations, need to reform its current policies to be able to successfully control this threat. The case studies of Israel and Lebanon, India and Pakistan, and the War on Terror after 9/11, have shown that the UN has shortcomings that are preventing it from accomplishing its overall aim of promoting a secure world. The UN’s inability to prevent NSA terrorist activities, which is leading member states to illegally use force, suggests that the UN must alter its procedures in order to retain its credibility as an effective organisation to prevent war. These modifications must include a successful mechanism to prevent the use of terrorism by NSAs and also address the unilateral actions member states are taking because of these NSAs. An extract from a scholarly article about terrorism and the United Nations, 2009. Source E Since the Tokyo Convention of 1963, the International Civil Aviation Organisation had been preoccupied with further tightening the international laws relating to criminal acts against civil aviation and the explosive post -1967 increase [in skyjacking] led to … the adoption of new international conventions against hijacking and other criminal