2012 RVHS HIST H2 P2

This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn over HISTORY Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia c1900 - 1997 9731/02 12 September 2012 3 hours No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work for each section securely. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. RIVER VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL YEAR 6 Preliminary Examinations in preparation for General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 Name: ____________________________ Class:________

2 © RVHS Prelims 2012 Section A You must answer Question 1. 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. When answering Quest ion 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A The 1971 Declaration on the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality constituted ASEAN's first collecti ve expression of its political goals and direction. The First ASEAN Summit in 1976 adopted the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) in Southeast Asia and the Declaration of ASEAN Concord. The 1992 adoption of the Framework Agreement on Enhancing ASEAN Eco nomic Cooperation is an important milestone in achieving ASEAN economic integration. It launched the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme as the main mechanism for AFTA. The establishment of the ASEAN Regional Fo rum in 1994 is a historic event for the Asia -Pacific. The ARF is the first and only Asia-Pacific forum for political and security dialogue and cooperation. An excerpt taken from an interview with Rodolfo C Severino, Jr, Secretary-General of ASEAN. Source B Weaknesses and tensions have been exposed in ASEAN as a result of its enlargement and the economic crisis in East Asia. Some members of the group, notably the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, are raising human rights issues in other ASEAN countries that were previously regarded as strictly the internal affairs of the nation concerned. ASEAN countries vary greatly in size, systems of government and levels of economic development. Burma, Laos and Vietnam - which shunned ASEAN during the Cold War - joined in the past few years and remain staunchly authoritarian. The economic crisis and ASEAN's enlargement - which will be complete when Cambodia joins at a special ceremony in Hanoi on April 30 - are both contributing to the group's tarnished image and current weakness. Taken from the International Herald Tribune, 14th June 1999. Source C Until recently, Beijing had avoided specific reference to an FTA. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhu Bangzao said that establishing the FTA not only reflected C hina's desire to strengthen ties with its neighbours, but was also the result of deepening ties between China and ASEAN. He said that the pact, which would create the world's largest FTA of more than 1.7 billion people, would have a long -lasting influence on peace and stability in the region. ASEAN has agreed to accelerate implementation of AFTA by slashing tariffs to 0 - 5 per cent by next year. China was also concerned that the ASEAN economies had remained weak after the Asian financial crisis. If the eco nomies in the region remained weak over the long term, China would also be affected. An excerpt taken from The Straits Times, 13 November 2001.

3 © RVHS Prelims 2012 Source D First, regional cooperation can be very burdensome to developing countries because it imposes the same obligations on them as on the more powerful nations in terms of politics, economy, and the military. Also, regional cooperation pursues a higher level of cooperation than bilateral relations among ordinary states, and it can thus, possibly expose the vulnerability of participating countries. When the relations of individual countries are strained, withdrawing a diplomat can be used as an effective preliminary reaction, but once a country becomes a member of a regional cooperative body, it is difficu lt to secede or withdraw unilaterally when regional cooperation turns out to be disadvantageous. An excerpt taken from “The Future of Regional Cooperation in Asia”, East Asian Review, Vol.13, No 4, Winter 2001. Source E Slowly, but surely, vibrant civ il societies are emerging throughout the region. They are committed to the rule of law and respect for human rights. They also demand greater accountability from those who govern. With the notable exception of Indonesia, economic recovery has been speedier and more robust than almost anyone dared to predict at the height of the economic crisis in 1997 and 1998. The criminalization of insurgent movements in Southeast Asia that were once motivated primarily by ideology is a disturbing feature of the new secu rity environment. The Timorese militias responsible for the recent killing of three United Nations workers in West Timor are rapidly descending into criminal violence that has little to do with the political realities of a soon-to-be independent East Timor . Similar forces are active along the border between Burma and Thailand. In Burma's north-eastern Shan state, 15,000 well-armed Wa tribesmen control an expanding enclave that has the hallmarks of a state within a state. Countries in the region need to be m ore active in condemning and countering kidnappings, hostage - taking, drug-trafficking and other criminal practices because they are undermining Southeast Asia's previously hard -won reputation as an area of peace and cooperation. Without such stability, investment and economic growth will be more difficult to sustain. An excerpt taken from “Southeast Asian Stability Is at Risk”, International Herald Tribune, 28 September 2000 How far do Sources A to E support the view that regional cooperation remains an overwhelming challenge for ASEAN?

4 © RVHS Prelims 2012 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2 “Western education was the key driving force in the rise of nationalism.” Discuss with reference to the period 1900 to 1942. 3 Assess the claim that the Japanese Occupation played a pivotal role in the development of Southeast Asian nationalism. 4 To what extent do you agree that Communism was a threat to the newly -independent governments of Southeast Asia? 5 “Strong governments played a pivotal role in the development of Southeast Asian economies.” Discuss. 6 How far do you agree that interstates tensions were intractable because of the existing vested interests of the Southeast Asian governments?