HCI 2012 C2 Prelim Paper 1

This document consists of 4 printed pages. HWA CHONG INSTITUTION JC2 Preliminary Examination Higher 2 CANDIDATE NAME CT GROUP INDEX NUMBER HISTORY Paper 1 International History, c. 1945 – 2000 Additional Materials: Answer Paper 9731/01 4 September 2012 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and CT class clearly in the spaces at the top of this page. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Attempt both Section A and Section B. Attempt one question from Section A and only three questions from Section B. Please start every question on a fresh sheet of paper and label each question clearly. If you did not manage to complete a question, please hand in a piece of blank paper with your name and CT on it. At the end of the examination, fasten your responses with the string provided together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

9731/01/HCI/PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION/ 2012 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. The United Nations and the Rwandan Civil War, 1993 1. Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A As the killing intensified, the international community deserted Rwanda. Western nations landed troops in Rwanda or Burundi in the first week to evacu ate their citizens, did so, and left. The UN mission (UNAMIR), created in October 1993 to keep the peace and assist the governmental transition in Rwanda, sought to intervene between the killers and civilians. It also tried to mediate between the RPF and the Rwandan army. On April 21, 1994, the United Nations Security Council, at the behest of the United States —which had no troops in Rwanda —Belgium, and others, voted to withdraw all but a remnant of UNAMIR. The Security Council took this vote and others concerning Rwanda even as the representative of the genocidal regime sat amongst them as a non -permanent member. After human rights, media, and diplomatic reports of the carnage mounted, the UN met and debated and finally arrived at a compromise response on May 16. Again, however, the world failed to deliver, as the full complement of troops and materiel would not arrive in Rwanda until months after the genocide ended. Faced with the UN’s delay, but also concerned about its image as a former patron and arms supplier of the Habyarimana regime, France announced on June 15 that it would intervene to stop the killing. A journalist on the Rwandan Civil War, 2001 Source B The United Nations itself has recently released reports documenting two of its worst stumbles. According to these confessions, U.N. peacekeepers in Rwanda stood by as Hutu slaughtered some 800,000 Tutsi. In Bosnia, the U.N. declared safe areas for Muslims but did nothing to secure them, letting the Serbs slaughter thousands in Srebrenica. The organization's meddling was worse than useless: its blue -helmeted troops were used as hostages by the Serbs to deter a military response from the West. Presumably, Secretary -General Kofi Annan -- who was head of the U.N.'s peacekeeping department at th e time -- hopes that an institutional admission of responsibility now will wipe the slate clean and allow the organization to play a more vigorous role in the future. An academic on UN peacekeeping, 2000

9731/01/HCI/PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION/ 2012 3 Source C The United Nations active involvement in Rwanda started in 1993, when Rwanda and Uganda requested the deployment of military observers along the common border to prevent the military use of the area by RPF. The Security Council in June 1993 established the United Nations Observer M ission Uganda -Rwanda (UNOMUR) on the Ugandan side of the border to verify that no military assistance reached Rwanda. Meanwhile, the Arusha talks, brokered by Tanzania and OAU, reconvened in March 1993 and finally led to a peace agreement in August 1993. The comprehensive peace agreement called for a democratically elected government and provided for the establishment of a broad -based transitional Government until the elections, in addition to repatriation of refugees and integration of the armed forces of the two sides. Both sides asked the United Nations to assist in the implementation of the agreement. Extract from the United Nations website on UNAMIR, 2012. Source D France told the Security Council today that its military intervention in Rwanda had largely succeeded in its aim and that the time had come for the United Nations to deploy its 5,000-member peacekeeping force. Prime Minister Edouard Balladur told a special meeting of the Council that it was important to the United Nations' credibility that the African peace force be sent in quickly now that the French have created a safe area in the southwest, ending the bloodshed there and taking in more than a million refugees. Extract from an American newspaper, 1994 Source E The United Nations Security Council approved a chapter VI peacekeeping operation for Rwanda on 5 October 1993. From inception, the operation was conceived as a simple mission that would monitor an existing peace agreement and report on violations. Renewal of the mission mandate was made dependent upon continual success in meeting the timetables agreed to by the parties through the Arusha process. Security Council Members were impressed by the joint delegation comprised of representatives of both the Rwandan Government and the Rwandese Patriotic Front – parties who only weeks before had been fighting each other. Both parties expressed their profound gratitude to the UN, OAU, Za ire, Tanzania, and France, among others for help in brokering a peace agreement between them. An American politics professor in a book, 2008. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A – E support the view that the UN was effective in maintaining peace in Rwanda from 1993 to 1996? [25 marks]

9731/01/HCI/PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION/ 2012 4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 To what extent were the hard-line foreign policies of Harry Truman the primary reason for the outbreak of the Cold War? [25 marks] 3 ―Reagan’s policies exerted the necessary pressure to convince Gorbachev to bring the Cold War to an end.‖ Assess the validity of this assertion from 1980 – 1991. [25 marks] 4 How far did trade imbalances between states affect the development of the global economy from 1945 to 2000? [25 marks] 5 ―Japan was never an invincible economic juggernaut as some historians viewed it in the 1980s.‖ Discuss. [25 marks] 6 To what extent was the inability to resolve the India – Pakistan Conflict over Kashmir from 1947 to 2000 a result of insufficient international mediation? [25 marks] END of PAPER Acknowledgements: Source A Ferroggiaro, William; The US and the Genocide in Rwanda, 1994 : Evidence of Inaction ; The National Security Archive; 2001 Source B Boot, Max; Review of ―Paving the Road to Hell: The Failure of UN Peacekeeping‖; Foreign Affairs; 2000 Source C United Nations; Rwanda - UNAMIR. United Nations. 2012. Source D Lewis, Paul; France Calls Rwanda Mission a Success: Ask for U.N. Force; 12 July 1994. Source E Walling, Carrie B.; The United Nations Security Council and Humanitarian Intervention: Casual Stories about Human Rights and War; 2008