ACJC Southeast Asian History Preliminary Examinations 2012

© ACJC 2012 9731/02/Preliminary Exams/12 ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations JC2 HISTORY 9731/02 Paper 2 SEA History, 1900-1997 10 September 2012 3 hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your class, index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer four questions. You must answer Question 1 (Section A) and three questions from Section B. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn over]

© ACJC 2012 9731/02/Preliminary Exams/12 Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN AND REGIONAL COOPERATION 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A The Cambodia conflict was a major development in the history of ASEAN, a s the organization became directly involved through its support for the anti-Vietnamese resistance coalition. Not all members were equally vocal in their stance against Hanoi. Indonesia, in particular tended to be more sympathetic – a fruit of long-standing mutual respect, particularly between the Vietnamese and Indonesian militaries, on the grounds that they alone among Asian nations had won independence through armed revolution. Ultimately Jakarta’s push for a resolution of the conflict allowed ASEAN as a group to take initiatives in this direction, notably preliminary talks among the warring Cambodian factions. A historian writing in ‘A New History of Southeast Asia’, 2003 Source B Bangkok Declaration was signed in August in 1967. It gave birth to the formation of ASEAN. A new regional association…The main goal of the Association is to expedite economic growth, social progress and trade promotion. Everyone has been aware from the beginning that the goals cannot be attained swiftly because of the many di fferences among its members. Nevertheless, gradually the Association has succeeded in attaining positive results in support of their respective interests. Even though, ASEAN is, in principle, a regional cooperation with emphasis on economic, social and cultural cooperation, nevertheless, it is known that it has also paid full attention to the many problems in Southeast Asia, particularly matters related to politics and security. Consultations regarding these problems have been held on many occasions in or der to seek a consensus amongst its members Suharto in an interview with British Broadcasting Corporation,1973. Source C Contention over territorial and maritime issues has sparked testy diplomatic exchanges, for example between Malaysia and the Philipp ines, Singapore and Malaysia, and Indonesia and Malaysia. Although the treaty was concluded in 1976, the High Council has never been set up. No attempt has been made to invoke its dispute settlement machinery.

© ACJC 2012 9731/02/Preliminary Exams/12 ASEAN governments have reason to congratulat e themselves on 25 years of cooperation. The habit of consultation among ministers and officials has become part of an institutional culture that helps to avoid and control conflict. But ad -hoc consultation may no longer be sufficient. If ASEAN wants to continue to be taken seriously, it must begin to put its house in order. ASEAN governments should express confidence in their machinery for dispute settlement within the 1976 treaty by using it to resolve differences. Such an initiative would lend greater cr edibility to a newfound collective diplomacy that ASEAN cannot underpin with military power. An article in an international newspaper,1992. Source D Expectations were high that there would be more aggressiveness on the part of ASEAN for dealing with the territorial conflict over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. But it was quite disappointing that the seven heads of governments of ASEAN merely “reaffirmed” their commitment for the early peaceful settlement of the dispute in accordance with the 1992 ASEAN Manila Declaration, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation and the United Nation’s convention on the law of the sea. According to Minister Alatas, the ASEAN leaders merely reviewed the bilateral and multilateral efforts being undertaken by the claimant countries toward the amicable settlement of the Spratly Issue. As an aggrieved country, it was within the right of the Philippines to call the ASEAN’s attention to Beijing’s intransigence in refusing to withdraw from the Panganiban Reef. We would have been happy if the ASEAN in its communiqué, criticized China for its expansionist action in the same manner it severely upbraided Portugal over the East Timor issue. ‘ASEAN soft on Spratly issue?’ in Manila Standard Today,1996. Source E The Asian economic crisis, then, helped to galvanize the regional governments into action. It certainly produced a “dramatic change in thinking among both political and business leaders in Northeast Asia and a growing realization of the urgent need for the creation of a formal regional mechanism to deal with any similar crisis in the future and to maintain the economic growth of the region.” Not only was there a sense within the governments of China, Japan and South Korea that the three of them should develop institutional links so as to better cooperate on economic issues, but there was also an awareness that increased investment in and trade with Southeast Asia meant that the economic health of the ASEAN members was very much in their interests. And for many ASEAN members the crisis underscored the benefits of establishing formal economic links to the more developed economies of Japan and South Korea and the dynamic market of China as a means of averting any possible crisis. Richard Stubbs, ‘ASEAN Plus Three : Emerging East Asian Regionalism?’, in an academic journal, May-June 2002. Now answer the following question. To what extent do sources A -E illustrate that ASEAN’s effectiveness as an organiza tion was dependent on the cooperation of its members?

© ACJC 2012 9731/02/Preliminary Exams/12 Section B Answer any three questions. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2 “Pre-World War 2 nationalist movements were radical in nature.” Discuss. 3 To what extent was the impact of the Japanese Occupation on the development of nationalism in Southeast Asia negligible? 4 How significant was the role of the military in the politics of Southeast Asian states since independence? 5 Assess the view that national ideologies and symbols were more important than religion in creating national unity in independent Southeast Asian states. 6 ‘ Up to 1997, independent Southeast Asian states failed to achieve greater regional cooperation.’ How far do you agree with the statement?