2012 RI H2HistoryP2

Copyright. Raffles Institution, Southeast Asia History Preliminary Examination 2012 RAFFLES INSTITUTION Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2012 HISTORY 9731/02 Higher 2 10 September 20 12 Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia c1900-1997 3 hours COVER SHEET Name : CT class : Question No. For Examiner’s Use Only Marks 1 TOTAL

Copyright. Raffles Institution, Southeast Asia History Preliminary Examination 2012 RAFFLES INSTITUTION Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2012 HISTORY 9731/02 Higher 2 10 September 20 12 Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia c1900-1997 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and CT class on the cover sheet and all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Indicate the question numbers attempted in the space provided on the cover sheet. Section A Answer Question 1 . Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work and the cover sheet securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 5 printed pages, including the cover sheet.

RAFFLES INSTITUTION 201 2 3 Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN UNITY AND REGIONAL COOPERATION 1 Read the sources, and then answer the question. Source A The Prime Minister [General Prem Tinsulanonda of Th ailand] emphasised that it is in the interest of every nation in Southeast Asia to cooperate to make peace and prosperity a reality for all the peoples. This is what ASEAN stands for. The removal of the Kampuchean problem would be conducive to the realisation of ASEAN’s ultimate go al, namely to secure Southeast Asia as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality. The Foreign Ministers [from all ASEAN member states ] reviewed the situation in Kampuchea and expressed their deep concern that the continued Vie tnamese military occupation of Kampuchea still posed a serious threat to the peace and stability o f the Southeast Asian region as well as to international peace and security. They reiterated t heir call for a comprehensive political settlement in Kampuchea that would provide for a total withdra wal of all foreign forces from Kampuchea and the exercise of the right of the Kampuchea people to self-determination. From the Joint Report of the Sixteenth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting held in Bangkok, June 1983. . Source B The proposal to neutralize Southeast Asia was unlik ely to achieve any mileage for several reasons. Only a small minority of states of the region viewe d their independence to be in jeopardy. Secondly most states felt that they could manage threats by unilateral or collective military force or even alliance arrangements. Neutrality was not an attrac tive option for the states of Southeast Asia but it was signed based on pragmatic concerns. In theory Z OPFAN was to contain big power rivalry and keep ASEAN as a neutral region, but the reality was strictly otherwise. From an academic article by Singaporean diplomat, Professor Tommy Koh, published in 1989. Source C ASEAN admitted Communist Vietnam as a member. In hi storical terms this is an astonishing about- face for a body created in 1967 when the Cold War w as going strong and the United States was convinced that the fall of South Vietnam to the Com munists would produce a domino effect in the region. Fears of Vietnam have now receded and Hanoi is seen as an important ally to counter balance China’s military might. Beijing has been fl exing its muscles recently in both the Taiwan Strait and the Spratly Islands. Vietnam has been st ruggling to come out of the diplomatic cold for the past decade. The emphasis of ASEAN’s activities is now on economic cooperation. Vietnam will find it hard to be a full player as it moves away from a centrally planned economy. From a British newspaper in July 1995.

RAFFLES INSTITUTION 201 2 4 Source D One of the major criticisms regarding the ARF has b een its inability to address more intractable regional conflicts like the disputes in the South C hina Sea. As these problems were not addressed by the ARF, then its ability to influence real secu rity problems in Asia is severely limited. This argument is supported by other critics who point to the limits of the ‘ASEAN Way’ model for ARF’s way of doing things. ASEAN’s experience in dealing with conflicts which emphasize conflict avoidance is deemed insufficient to address real se curity problems in the region. The ASEAN preference for non-confrontation and consensus is a lso seen as a severe shortcoming since the ARF has been reluctant to push ahead with sensitive issues like adopting certain diplomacy mechanism and are instead ‘sweeping things under the carpet’. From an academic journal published in 1998. Source E The so-called ‘ASEAN Way’ is what has made ASEAN a peaceful region and what makes ASEAN increasingly relevant to the modern world. We may h ave our political differences and on occasion, our national agenda may take precedence over the re gional agenda, leading sometimes to disputes. Certain quarters sensationalize such intr a-regional disagreements. But they fail to point out that we in ASEAN are steeped in ways of thinkin g and acting that lend themselves to harmony and stability. Our tolerance towards our diverse so cial and political backgrounds, cultures, ethnicities and religions is a key factor in our re silience – in helping us resolve conflict and maint ain peace among ourselves. Address by Ong Keng Yong, Secretary-General of ASEAN, at the Public Relations Academy of Singapore, November 2003. Now answer the following question. “Unity among ASEAN states has contributed positivel y to regional cooperation in Southeast Asia since 1970.” How far do Sources A-E support this statement?

RAFFLES INSTITUTION 201 2 5 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2 Why was ideology a significant influence on the de velopment of nationalism in Southeast Asia before 1941? 3 How far did World War Two contribute to the succes s of nationalist movements in Southeast Asia after 1945? 4 To what extent did maximum governments achieve sta bility in the independent Southeast Asian states? 5 Assess the causes of the 1997 Asian Financial Cris is. 6 How have interstate tensions affected regional coo peration in Southeast Asia since independence?