PJC H2 History Prelim P1 2012

1 Candidate's Name : _____________________________ CT Group : ______ Index no.________ PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 Preliminary Examination International History, 1945-2000 H2 9731 H1 8814 Tuesday 11th Sept 2012 1400 – 1700 hrs INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Answer Question 1 and any 3 questions from Section B. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. Attach the cover page of the paper with the answer scrips. Information to candidates: All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for grammatically correct English and clear presentation in your answers. Question No. Full Marks Marks Obtained ( 1 ) /25 ( ) /25 ( ) /25 ( ) /25 TOTAL: 100

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3 Section A You must answer Question 1 The United Nations and the International Court of Justice. Source A:- By a judgment delivered on Apr 9th 1949, in the Corfu Channel case, the Court declared the People’s Republic of Albania responsible under international law for the explosions which occurred on Oct 22nd 1946 in Albanian waters, and for the damage and loss of human life that resulted to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Court by twelve votes to two, gives judgement in favour of the claim of the government of the United Kingdom and fixes the amount of compensation due from the People’s Republic of Albania to the United Kingdom at 843,947 pounds. Assessment of the amount of compensation from the People’s Republic Of Albania to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The Corfu Channel Case ICJ Judgement of December 15th, 1949 Source B :- In 1998, compulsory jurisdiction had been accepted by 59 states, but their declarations often contain reservations excluding certain kinds of disputes, or disputes with certain states. The Court has had little immediate effect on peace and security. In more than 70 years of existence of the ICJ, the average yearly number of decisions made has not been more than two. None of these concerned the prevention or solution of an international conflict involving serious violence. More frequent use of the Court cannot be expected as most governments tend to consider the recognition of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as infringing on their sovereignty. Adapted from ‘The United Nations at the end of the 1990s’, 1999. Source C : Article 93 1. All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. 2. A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on conditions to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The United Nations Charter.

4 Source D :- The international Court of Justice is still far from attaining a centralized judicial authority. Its compulsory jurisdiction has been recognized by barely a third of the countries of the world, and even then with reservations in many cases, which can weaken or defeat the effective exercise of its jurisdiction. Law and Power in International Relations, 1982. Source E:- A still more fundamental problem concerns the lack of enforcement power available to the Court to secure compliance when it does make judgements. The Security Council can, under Article 94, ‘decide upon measures’ to be taken to give effect to “the judgements” of the Court but has never done so. This leads to a situation where many deride the usefulness of bringing disputes to the Court, doubting, with some reason, not only whether the other government involved will accept jurisdiction in the first place, but whether it will comply with any judgement obtained. From a book on the United Nations, 1979. 1. How far do Sources A – E support the view that the effectiveness of the ICJ has been always under question in the period 1945 - 2000?

5 Section B Answer any 3 questions from this section 2) Assess the significance of NATO in the development of the Cold War in Europe to 1955. 3) ‘The development of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was more a product of superpower rivalry rather than local concerns.’ Discuss. 4) Assess the view that protectionism was the most serious problem the global economy faced from 1945 - 2000. 5) Did internal or external factors play a greater role in Japan’s rise as an economic power in the post-WWII era? 6) Do you agree that much of the tension and chaos in the Middle East between 1945-2000 can be attributed to the interference of the superpowers? The End