RJC 2008 History H1 and H2 P1

RAFFLES JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examinations 2008 HISTORY 8814 9731/01 Higher 1 Higher 2 12 September 2008 Paper 1 International History, 1945 – 2000 3 hours COVER SHEET 2 READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and CT class on this cover sheet and all the work you hand in. Indicate the question numbers attempted in the space provided on the cover sheet. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work and this cover sheet securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. : Name : CT class For Examiner’s Use Only Question No. Marks 1 TOTAL

3 Section A: The United Nations and Global Affairs, 1945-2000 You must answer Question 1 THE UNITED NATIONS AND BOSNIA 1 Read the sources, and then answer the question Source A Through the UN Mission in Bosnia Herzegovi na the United Nations has demonstrated its ability to complete a complex mandate in accordance with a strategic plan and within a realistic and finite time frame. UNMIBH has completed the most extensive police reform and restructuring project ever undertaken by the United Nations. UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, 2002 Source B Russia, the traditional ally of the Serbs, has blocked a weak Security Council statement criticizing the Serbs for their attack on t he United Nations-declared "safe areas’ in eastern Bosnia, and for their expulsion of Muslims and Croats from their homes in northern Bosnia in a new round of "ethnic cleansing." After two days of debate, Security Council members were unable t onight to agree on a statement condemning the Serbs. Russia objects to the phrase "ethnic cl eansing," which has been used by the Serbs themselves to describe their campaign of terrorizing non-Serbs into fleeing. Instead, Moscow pressed for a more general condem nation of "violence and terror" that could apply to all groups in Bosnia. Taken from an article in the New York Times published April, 1994. Source C The Council then adopted the draft resolution under discussion as resolution 824 (1993), by which it declared that Sarajevo, and othe r towns [with Bosnian Moslem populations] should be treated as safe areas by all the parties concerned and should be free from armed attacks and from any other hostile act. It also declared that in the safe areas the following should be observed: (a) The immediate cessation of armed attacks or any hostile act against the safe areas, and the withdrawal of all Bosnian Serb militar y or paramilitary units from those towns to a distance wherefrom they ceased to constitute a menace to their security and that of their inhabitants to be monitored by United Nations military observers; (b) Full respect by all parties of the rights of UNPROFOR and the international humanitarian agencies to free and unimpeded access to all safe areas in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and full respect for the safety of personnel engaged in these operations. Taken from the United Nations Report on the fall of Srebrenica, November 1999.

4 Source D Holbrooke writes that he now sees severa l flaws in Dayton. Th e agreement left two opposing armies -- that of t he Muslim-Croat federation, wh ich controls 51 percent of Bosnia's territory, and that of the Bosnian Serbs, who hold the remaining 49 percent -- in a single country. It allowed Karadzic's Serbs to keep the name "Republika Srpska" for their portion, a name synonymous with countless atrocities. It initially set an unrealistic timetable for NATO withdrawal, leaving "the impression among the parties, and especially the Serbs, that they might be able to outwait the enforcing powers." It created a police force far too weak, a NATO mission t oo circumscribed by the caution of its first commander, and an authority too diffused among powers including NATO, the United Nations, the U.N. High Commissioner fo r Refugees, the Office of the High Representative, and others. Taken from the US journal Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998. Source E Since May 1992, Yugoslavia has been chafi ng under economic sanctions imposed by the U.N. For months Milosevic had been trying to make some deal to get those sanctions lifted. Discussions of such a deal have hinged on Milosevic's willingness and ability to make his Bosnian Serb cli ents negotiate a peace. Always more of an opportunist than a true nationali st, Milosevic has for some time appeared willing to sell out his brethren Serbs for the sake of unshackling himself from sanctions. "Either you join with me and we do it toget her," he reportedly told the Bosnian Serbs when they met, "or the deal gets done anyway, without you." What is interesting about this breakthrough, if indeed that is what it turns out to be, is that it was not triggered by NATO's air st rikes. While last week's bombs no doubt concentrated minds in Pale, Milosevic had apparently secured Bosnian Serb cooperation before the planes ever took off. Taken from an article published in Time magazine, September 1995. Now answer the following question. How far do sources A-E support the view that UN peacekeeping efforts in Bosnia were a failure?

5 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. To what extent had the Grand A lliance broken down by the end of 1945? 3. ‘The Cold War ended in 1989 because Gor bachev intended it.’ How valid is this statement? 4. To what extent was the ‘Oil Shock’ of 1973 the cause of the economic problems in the international economy of the 1970s and 1980s? 5. ‘Israel’s national security concerns have been the greatest stumbling block to peace in the Middle East.’ Assess the validity of this statement. 6. ‘Rather than creating new c onflicts, it merely made existing ones more difficult to resolve.’ Discuss with reference to the impact of religious fundamentalism on regional security in the period c.1970 to 2000. End of paper.