IJC 2008 H2Hist Prelim2 Paper 2

INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2 in preparation for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 CANDIDATE NAME CLASS INDEX NUMBER HISTORY Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia, c1900-1997 Additional Materials: Answer Paper 9731/02 8 September 2008 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1 . Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, answers for Section A and Section B should be faste ned separately . Section B should be fastened with a cover page. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. Innova Junior College [Turn over

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN AND REGIONAL UNITY 1 Read the sources, and then answer the question whic h follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A Weaknesses and tensions have been exposed in ASEAN as a result of its enlargement and the economic crisis in East Asia. Some members of the group, notably the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, are raising hu man rights issues in other ASEAN countries that were previously regarded as strictly the internal affairs of the nation concerned. ASEAN countries vary greatly in size, sy stems of government and levels of economic development. Burma, Laos and Vietnam - whi ch shunned ASEAN during the Cold War - joined in the past few years and remain staunchly authoritarian. The economic crisis and ASEAN's enlargement - which will be comp lete when Cambodia joins at a special ceremony in Hanoi on April 30 - are both co ntributing to the group's tarnished image and current weakness. A news article from the International Herald Tribune dated 14 th June 1999. Source B In military matters, the ASEAN nations have been en tering into bilateral arrangements with the United States on their own in the so-calle d war against terrorism. Analysts, who were once taken up with ASEAN’s aim of setting up a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN), have been left shaking their h eads in despair as the sole superpower engages in military exercises and bilate ral military cooperation in the region. Such ASEAN disunity – or rather abdication of its r ole – has undermined the grouping’s original ideal of securing a region free of superpo wer interference. Worryingly, it has also allowed the United States to re-establish a significant foothold in the region. A report published in Asia Times, an online newspaper with global readership Source C The policy (ZOPFAN) is meant to be a proclamation that this region of ours is no longer to be regarded as an area to be divided into spheres o f influence of the big powers. It may be regarded as a project to end or prevent small co untries used as pawns in the conflict between the big powers… to ensure stability and pre serve peace in this area… Opening statement by Tun Ismail Bin Dato Abdul Rahman, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia at the Fourth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, March1971

3 Source D The entry of Myanmar and Laos this year, Vietnam's coming on board earlier and Cambodia's eventual membership provided opportuniti es for closer security cooperation such as joint military exercises - without turning Asean into a military pact - and giving "more teeth" to existing mechanisms for dispute set tlement. Other positive aspects of an expanded ASEAN (with 10 members): a wider market, r esource and population base; greater availability of natural resources; trade an d investment opportunities. Developed ASEAN members can also use the new entrants as "pro duction platforms" - a way for both sides to gain because of a generalised system of preferences which newly emerging economies enjoy with some developed Western trading partners. Excerpt from a Straits Times News Article dated 21 November 1997. Source E ASEAN’s institutional development was enhanced by t he organisation’s experience with the invasion of Cambodia. Initially, the individual interests of member states and the need to defend institutional principles forced ASEAN to articulate a coherent corporate position. The need to coordinate policy greatly improved the mechanisms and habits of consultation and cooperation within ASEAN, and it f ostered the further evolution of the ‘ASEAN way.’ Moreover, the organisation’s increased international profile encouraged intra-ASEAN unity. The ASEAN states enjoyed the taste of real international influence that their role in the Cambodian conflict attracted. The y realized that they could only maintain this influence if they continued to act as a unified whole. Taken from ‘ Security in a New Perspective’ , Asian Perspective, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1981 Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the hypothesis that ‘ASEAN has been able to successfully overcome challenges to its regional unity’? [Turn over

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2 ‘Colonial repression was the most important factor for the rise of nationalist movements before World War 2’. Evaluate. 3 Assess the role of the nationalists in Southeast Asia during the Japanese Occupation. 4 The military has been indispensable in creating national unity in Southeast Asia. How far do you agree? 5 To what extent was economic growth in Southeast Asi an countries a product of state intervention? 6 Assess the validity of the claim that interstate tensions in Southeast Asia have hindered the process of regional integration.