YJC JC2 H1 Hist Prelim Paper 1

□ 2□ Section□A□ □ You□must□answer□Question□1.□ □ UNITED□NATIONS□PEACEKEEPING□IN□THE□POST□COLD□WAR□ERA□ □ 1□ Read□the□sources□and□then□answer□the□question.□ □ Source□A□ □ The□experience□of□these□UN□interventions□of□the□lat e□1980s□and□1990s□seems□to□suggest□that□ peacekeeping□ was□ not,□ after□ all,□ liberated□ by□ the□ end□ of□ the□ cold□ war.□ On□ the□ contrary,□ it□ appeared□ that□ the□passing□ of□ bipolarity□ had□actually□ created□ new□ problems□for□ the□ conduct□ of□ peacekeeping.□ One□ explanation□ of□ this□ is□ that,□ far□from□ being□ constrained□ by□ the□ cold□ war,□ peacekeeping□ should□ more□ correctly□ be□ seen□ as□ an□ artefact□ of□ the□ cold□ war.□ The□ end□ of□ bipolarity□ meant□ the□ end□ of□ the□ international□ condi tions□ which□ brought□ peacekeeping□ into□ being…Could□ it□ not□ be□ that□ in□ a□ new,□ non-bipolar□ global□ structure□ the□ original□ conception□ of□ collective□security□would□come□into□its□own?□Events □in□the□Gulf□in□1990□and□1991□were□seen□by□ many□at□the□time□to□point□in□this□direction.□The□re sponse□to□Iraq’s□invasion□of□Kuwait□in□August□ 1990□ appeared□ to□ raise□ the□ prospect□ not□ of□ a□ new□ dawn□ for□ peacekeeping□ but□ of□ a□ delayed□ advent□for□full-blooded□international□enforcement□under□Chapter□VII□of□the□Charter.□□□□□ □ Norrie□MacQueen,□ The□United□Nations□Since□1945:□Peacekeeping□and□the□Cold□War ,□1999.□ □ Source□B□ □ Kofi□ Annan,□ the□ UN□ secretary□ general,□ has□ said□ the□US□ government's□ lack□ of□ leadership□ and□ desire□to□avoid□the□loss□of□American□lives□is□to□bl ame□for□the□failure□of□peacekeeping□operations□ around□ the□ world.□ In□ an□ interview□ with□ Time□ magazine□ before□ next□ week's□ UN□ millennium□ conference,□Mr□Annan□stops□short□of□directly□criticising□Bill□Clinton's□administration.□However,□his□ comments□ make□ it□ clear□ that□ the□ US□ position□ has□ ham pered□ efforts□ by□ the□ international□ organisation□to□act□effectively□in□trouble□zones.□" Unless□we□are□prepared□to□counter□force□with□ force,□there□is□very□little□we□can□do,"□he□says□of□ humanitarian□crises.□"The□problem□is□that□you□ have□ countries□ like□ the□ US□ that□ will□ not□ accept□ a□ s ingle□ casualty.□ And□ that□ philosophy□ is□ spreading."□ □ □ □□Jane□Martinson,□“US□blamed□for□peacekeeping□failures”,□in□ The□Guardian ,□28□August□2000.□□ □ Source□C□ □ By□1994□a□quarter-million□people□may□have□fallen□to □the□war□in□the□Balkans,□and□more□than□two-□ and-a-half-million□ had□ been□ displaced.□ The□ United□ N ations□ had□ demonstrated,□ by□ its□ ineffectiveness,□the□limits□of□the□institution□in□t he□new□post-cold□war□world.□The□“promise”□that□ had□appeared□evident□in□the□afterglow□of□the□Gulf□W ar□was□dissipating.□Although□the□old□veto□ crisis□ on□ the□ Security□ Council□ that□ had□ persisted□ for□ forty□ years□ had□ disappeared,□ national□ interests□among□the□five□permanent□members□(P5)□and □a□determined□enemy□in□the□hills□of□the□ Balkans□made□the□United□Nations□a□less□attractive□venue□for□resolving□conflict.□ □ □□□□□□Adapted□from□Moore□and□Pubantz□from□‘The□New□United□Nations:□International□ Organization□in□the□Twenty-First□Century’,□ 2006 .□

□ 3□ Source□D□ □ With□the□end□of□the□Cold□War,□the□strategic□context □for□UN□peacekeeping□dramatically□changed,□ prompting□ the□ organization□ to□ shift□ and□ expand□ its□field□ operations□ from□ “traditional”□ missions□ involving□ strictly□ military□ tasks,□ to□ complex□ “multidimensional”□ enterprises□ designed□ to□ ensure□ the□implementation□of□comprehensive□peace□agreements□and□assist□in□laying□the□foundations□for□ sustainable□ peace.□ Today’s□ peacekeepers□ undertake□ a□ wide□ variety□ of□ complex□ tasks,□ from□ helping□to□build□sustainable□institutions□of□govern ance,□to□human□rights□monitoring,□to□security□ sector□reform,□to□the□disarmament,□demobilization□and□reintegration□of□former□combatants.□□ □ …The□nature□of□conflicts□has□also□changed□over□the□ years.□Originally□developed□as□a□means□of□ dealing□with□inter-State□conflict,□UN□peacekeeping□ has□been□increasingly□applied□to□intra-State□ conflicts□and□civil□wars.□ □ Taken□from□the□United□Nations□official□website,□ un.org ,□2008.□□ □ Source□E□ □ The□mission□of□forces□under□Article□43□would□be□to□ respond□to□outright□aggression,□imminent□or□ actual.□Such□forces□are□not□likely□to□be□available□ for□some□time□to□come.□Cease-fires□have□often□ been□agreed□to□but□not□compiled□with,□and□the□Unite d□Nations□has□sometimes□been□called□upon□ to□ send□ forces□ to□ restore□ and□ maintain□ the□ cease-fire.□ This□ task□ can□ on□ occasion□ exceed□ the□ mission□ of□ peace-keeping□ forces□ and□ the□ expectations□ of□ peace-keeping□ force□ contributors.□ I□ recommend□ that□ the□ council□ consider□ the□ utilization□ of□ peace□ enforcement□ units□ in□ clearly□ defined□circumstances□and□with□their□terms□of□refer ence□specified□in□advance.□Such□units□from□ Member□States□would□be□available□on□call□and□would□ consist□of□troops□that□have□volunteered□for□ such□service.□They□would□have□to□be□more□heavily□ar med□than□peace-keeping□forces□and□would□ have□ to□ undergo□ extensive□ preparatory□ training□ within□ their□ national□ forces.□ Deployment□ and□ operation□of□such□forces□would□be□under□the□authori zation□of□the□Security□Council□and□would,□as□ in□the□case□of□peace-keeping,□be□under□the□command□ of□the□Secretary-General.□I□consider□such□ peace□ enforcement□ units□ to□ be□ warranted□ as□ a□ provisional□ measure□ under□ Article□ 40□ of□ the□ Charter.□ Such□ peace-enforcement□ units□ should□ not□ be □ confused□ with□ the□ forces□ that□ may□ eventually□ be□ constituted□ under□ Article□ 43□ to□ deal□with□ acts□ of□ aggression□ or□ with□ the□ military□ personnel□ which□ Governments□ may□ agree□ to□ keep□ on□ stand-by□ for□ possible□ contribution□ to□ peace-keeping□operations.□ □ Boutros□Boutros-Ghali,□ An□Agenda□for□Peace:□Preventive□Diplomacy,□Peace-making□and□ Peace-keeping .□ □ □ Now□answer□the□following□question.□ □ How□ far□ do□ Sources□ A-E□ support□ the□ view□ that□ the□ Un ited□ Nations□ was□ effective□ in□ their□ peacekeeping□efforts□in□the□post□Cold□War□era□till□2000?□□□ □ □ □ □ □ □

□ 4□ □ Section□B□ □ You□must□answer□ three □questions□from□this□section .□ □ 2.□How□far□do□you□agree□that□the□Cold□War□broke□out □in□Europe□because□the□USA□and□USSR□ disagreed□fundamentally□about□how□they□should□treat□the□shattered□European□economy?□ □ 3.□ “The□ end□ of□ the□ Cold□War□ ushered□ in□ a□ new□ world□order.”□ How□ far□ do□ you□ agree□ with□ this□ statement□from□1991□to□2000?□ □ 4.□ ‘Favourable□ US□ policies□ created□ the□ Japanese□ economic□ miracle.’□ To□ what□ extent□ do□ you□ agree□with□this□view?□ □ 5.□ How□important□has□the□government□support□for□pri vate□enterprises□been□in□accounting□for□the□ Chinese□economic□success□from□1978□to□2000?□ □ 6.□ ‘One□of□the□most□significant□consequences□of□the □Arab-Israeli□conflict□has□been□the□rise□of□ extremist□groups.”□Assess□this□view□from□1948□to□2000.□ □ □ □ End□of□paper□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □