YJC_JC2 H1 Hist Prelim Paper 1

□ 2□ Section□A□ □ You□must□answer□Question□1.□ □ UNITED□NATIONS□PEACEKEEPING□IN□THE□POST□COLD□WAR□ERA□ □ 1□ Read□the□sources□and□then□answer□the□question.□ □ Source□A□ □ The□experience□of□these□UN□interventions□of□the□lat e□1980s□and□1990s□seems□to□suggest□that□ peacekeeping□ was□ not,□ after□ all,□ liberated□ by□ the□ end□ of□ the□ cold□ war.□ On□ the□ contrary,□ it□ appeared□ that□ the□passing□ of□ bipolarity□ had□actually□ created□ new□ problems□for□ the□ conduct□ of□ peacekeeping.□ One□ explanation□ of□ this□ is□ that,□ far□from□ being□ constrained□ by□ the□ cold□ war,□ peacekeeping□ should□ more□ correctly□ be□ seen□ as□ an□ artefact□ of□ the□ cold□ war.□ The□ end□ of□ bipolarity□ meant□ the□ end□ of□ the□ international□ condi tions□ which□ brought□ peacekeeping□ into□ being…Could□ it□ not□ be□ that□ in□ a□ new,□ non-bipolar□ global□ structure□ the□ original□ conception□ of□ collective□security□would□come□into□its□own?□Events □in□the□Gulf□in□1990□and□1991□were□seen□by□ many□at□the□time□to□point□in□this□direction.□The□re sponse□to□Iraq’s□invasion□of□Kuwait□in□August□ 1990□ appeared□ to□ raise□ the□ prospect□ not□ of□ a□ new□ dawn□ for□ peacekeeping□ but□ of□ a□ delayed□ advent□for□full-blooded□international□enforcement□under□Chapter□VII□of□the□Charter.□□□□□ □ Norrie□MacQueen,□ The□United□Nations□Since□1945:□Peacekeeping□and□the□Cold□War ,□1999.□ □ Source□B□ □ Kofi□ Annan,□ the□ UN□ secretary□ general,□ has□ said□ the□US□ government's□ lack□ of□ leadership□ and□ desire□to□avoid□the□loss□of□American□lives□is□to□bl ame□for□the□failure□of□peacekeeping□operations□ around□ the□ world.□ In□ an□ interview□ with□ Time□ magazine□ before□ next□ week's□ UN□ millennium□ conference,□Mr□Annan□stops□short□of□directly□criticising□Bill□Clinton's□administration.□However,□his□ comments□ make□ it□ clear□ that□ the□ US□ position□ has□ ham pered□ efforts□ by□ the□ international□ organisation□to□act□effectively□in□trouble□zones.□" Unless□we□are□prepared□to□counter□force□with□ force,□there□is□very□little□we□can□do,"□he□says□of□ humanitarian□crises.□"The□problem□is□that□you□ have□ countries□ like□ the□ US□ that□ will□ not□ accept□ a□ s ingle□ casualty.□ And□ that□ philosophy□ is□ spreading."□ □ □ □□Jane□Martinson,□“US□blamed□for□peacekeeping□failures”,□in□ The□Guardian ,□28□August□2000.□□ □ Source□C□ □ By□1994□a□quarter-million□people□may□have□fallen□to □the□war□in□the□Balkans,□and□more□than□two-□ and-a-half-million□ had□ been□ displaced.□ The□ United□ N ations□ had□ demonstrated,□ by□ its□ ineffectiveness,□the□limits□of□the□institution□in□t he□new□post-cold□war□world.□The□“promise”□that□ had□appeared□evident□in□the□afterglow□of□the□Gulf□W ar□was□dissipating.□Although□the□old□veto□ crisis□ on□ the□ Security□ Council□ that□ had□ persisted□ for□ forty□ years□ had□ disappeared,□ national□ interests□among□the□five□permanent□members□(P5)□and □a□determined□enemy□in□the□hills□of□the□ Balkans□made□the□United□Nations□a□less□attractive□venue□for□resolving