TPJC H2 History Paper 2

TAMPINES JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 Preliminary Examinations 2008 HISTORY H2 9731/02 PAPER 2 History of Southeast Asia c.1900-1997 Additional materials: Answer paper DATE 19 August 2008 TIME 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, arrange the papers in sequence and fasten all your work securely together. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. _____________________________________________________________________ This question paper consists of 4 printed pages [Turn over]

2 Section A You must answer Question 1 ASEAN AND THE CAMBODIAN CONFLICT Source A The settlement of the Cambodian conflict, one of the most important chapters in the history of ASEAN diplomacy took place during the conflict. The ASEAN sponsored resolution at the UN General Assembly, which called for a durable and comprehensive political settlement in Cambodia, received consistent support from the international community. With Indonesia as the interlocutor (mediator), ASEAN maintained its dialogue with all parties to the conflict. This eventually led to the Jakarta Informal Meetings (JIM I and II) at which the four Cambodia factions discussed peace and national reconciliation. The process proved to be protracted, requiring the help of many states and the United Nations. It extended to the early 1990s, culminating in the 19-nation Paris Conference on Cambodia which was chaired by France and Indonesia. Excerpt from ASEAN Secretariat website, http://www.aseansec.org/92.htm. Source B ASEAN learned a great deal from its concerted opposition to Vietnam’s invasion of Cambodia. It members discovered the diplomatic benefits of being part of a larger organization, and it grew considerably as an institution. The habits of cooperation and consultation became an ingrained part of ASEAN process. However, ASEAN ran solidly into its own limitations. Its ability to affect regional security was constrained by the parameters set by great powers. ASEAN needed to call on outside support in order to be an effective and credible opposition to Vietnamese aspirations. In the end, even the extent to which ASEAN itself was a coherent organization is questionable. The ASEAN states’ common interest in opposing Vietnam was strained by conflicting perceptions of long-term regional security and their own economic and political interest. Thailand diplomatic about- face, in many ways, undermined the process of consultation and consensus. ASEAN did not emerge from its Vietnam-Cambodian experience as a unified and coherent regional institution. Shaun Narine, Explaining ASEAN, 2002 Source C ASEAN momentum on Cambodia received another blow when Thailand, suddenly and unilaterally decided to ease the pressure on Vietnam to push its national commercial interest. Thailand’s newly elected Prime Minister General Chatichai Choonhavan announced the country’s new policy “in turning the battlefields into marketplaces” around the same time that ASEAN were caught by surprise, to say the least. When asked by his Malaysian and Singaporean counterparts, General Chatichai was reported to have explained that Thailand official policy remained unchanged, his government was pursuing a two-track policy on Cambodia. This meant that while diplomatic pressure would be maintained, private sector dealing would not only be permitted but also encouraged. Mely Caballero-Anthony, Beyond the ASEAN Way, 2005

3 Source D There was also a perception that Vietnam’s advance [into Cambodia] would enlarge the influence of Soviet Union, Vietnam’s principal backer at the time, and thus upset the regional balance. In this ASEAN had the support of China, the USA, most of Western Europe and the majority at the UN General Assembly, where ASEAN led the campaign to keep Cambodia’s UN seat for the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK). At the same time ASEAN led the search for a political settlement of all contending factions in Cambodia and eventually of the five permanent members of the Security Council. A settlement finally arrived through a series of conferences in Paris following ASEAN brokered and Indonesian-led meetings (JIM I and II) among the Cambodian parties. Former ASEAN Secretary General, Rodolfo C. Severino, ASEAN, Southeast Asia Background Series No. 10, 2008 Source E The time has come for ASEAN to lay down its heavy and now risky burden of trying to find a solution to the Cambodian problem if not to suffer further humiliation and hurt from its Western partners. The villains and victims that ASEAN and its Western allies had agreed upon eleven years ago have been unilaterally reversed by the latter. The new objectives, now that accord has been reached between the Western nations and the Soviet Union, require that the Vietnamese, rather than the Cambodians, should win the battle for Cambodia. It was fear of the Soviet Union which earlier prompted the Western powers to cheer ASEAN efforts to force the Soviets’ proxy to disgorge from its fruit of aggression. But since Mr. Mikhail Gorbachev descended from the mountain five years ago bearing the perestroika and glasnost tablets proclaiming an end to the East-West Cold War, it has become necessary to reward the Soviets by ditching the Cambodia coalition and reinstating the Vietnamese as overlords of all Indochina. Former Singapore Foreign Minister, Mr Rajaratnam’s article on Straits Times, 3 rd August 1990 Now answer the following question : 1. How far do Sources A-E support the view that ASEAN had performed a critical role in the resolution of the Cambodian conflict?

4 Section B You must answer three questions. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2. How far do you agree that the Japanese Occupation was the catalyst to the rise of nationalism in Southeast Asia? 3. “In Southeast Asia the military was predominant in politics due to the weakness of the civilian governments.” Discuss. 4. Assess whether the Southeast Asian states or the different communities were the primary agent in the development of Southeast Asian economy. 5. To what extent were Southeast Asian states been successful in forging national unity? 6. “Territorial disputes between Southeast Asian states were the main source of inter- state tension.” How accurate is the statement? ******** End of paper ********

5 TAMPINES JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 Preliminary Examinations 2008 HISTORY H2 9731/02 PAPER 2 History of Southeast Asia c.1900-1997 DATE 19 August 2007 TIME 3 hours COVER SHEET INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. Write your name, class and questions attempted on the cover sheet. 2. Attach the cover sheet to the answer scripts. 3. Ensure that all relevant pieces of used writing paper are attached and properly arranged before submission. 4. You do not have to hand in the question paper. NAME : __________________________ CLASS : __________________________ Question Number Mark Obtained Total Grade 1 / 100

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