SAJC_08_EY_JC2_H1_H2Hist_P1_SAJC

ST. ANDREW'S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 Preliminary Examination HISTORY H i g h e r 2 9731/1 H i g h e r 1 8814/1 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 Thursday 28 August 2008 3 Hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper Cover Sheet TIME: 3 Hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Answer FOUR questions in TOTAL. You must answer QUESTION ONE from SECTION A. IT IS COMPULSORY. For SECTION B, you must answer any THREE questions. Begin each question on a separate piece of paper. Write the question numbers attempted on the cover sheet. Tie your cover sheet to your answers. DO NOT spend more than 45 minutes on any one question. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. This Question Paper consists of 4 printed pages. [ T u r n O v e r ] SECTION A 1

You must answer Question 1. This question carries 25 marks THE UNITED NATIONS AND PEACEKEEPING IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA 1. Read the sources, and then answer the questions Source A Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an explosion in international peacekeeping missions. From Bosnia to the Iv ory Coast to East Timor, the pattern has been the same: a political rebellion (o ften with ethnic over tones), a brutal crackdown, a humanitarian tragedy - and a crisis that finally spurs the international community to action. Peacekeepers are sent in to enforce an often theoretical peace and build a nation from scratch. Peacekeeping has become synonymous with nation- building. And so far, none of these exercises have been particularly successful. www.globalpolicy.org Source B It can thus be asserted that, in ideal circumstances, the UN can perform more effectively than in the ‘bad old days’, but that there has been no qualitative change in its capability. It is still principally an instrument of persuasion, acting with the consent of parties. Its coercive powers are not proven to be effective: it can impose mandatory sanctions, but the Gulf crisis and its aftermath, confirm the scepticism of previous doubters regarding t he effectiveness of this instrument. The Security Council can authorize states to use force to redress aggression, but it cannot itself direct the operation as was intended when the Charter was formulated. Furthermore, states are proving reluctant to commit forces to enforcement action in civil war situations when significant casualties and protracted involvement may result. Anthony Parsons, a former UK permanent representative to the UN, in United Nations, Divided World, 1993 Source C Missions that differ most from traditi onal peacekeeping operations tend to have the greatest difficulties, often because the forc es are not designed to carry out multiple functions…Precisely because complex peacekee