SAJC 08 EY JC2 H1 H2Hist P1 SAJC

ST. ANDREW'S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 Preliminary Examination HISTORY H i g h e r 2 9731/1 H i g h e r 1 8814/1 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 Thursday 28 August 2008 3 Hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper Cover Sheet TIME: 3 Hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Answer FOUR questions in TOTAL. You must answer QUESTION ONE from SECTION A. IT IS COMPULSORY. For SECTION B, you must answer any THREE questions. Begin each question on a separate piece of paper. Write the question numbers attempted on the cover sheet. Tie your cover sheet to your answers. DO NOT spend more than 45 minutes on any one question. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. This Question Paper consists of 4 printed pages. [ T u r n O v e r ] SECTION A 1

You must answer Question 1. This question carries 25 marks THE UNITED NATIONS AND PEACEKEEPING IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA 1. Read the sources, and then answer the questions Source A Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an explosion in international peacekeeping missions. From Bosnia to the Iv ory Coast to East Timor, the pattern has been the same: a political rebellion (o ften with ethnic over tones), a brutal crackdown, a humanitarian tragedy - and a crisis that finally spurs the international community to action. Peacekeepers are sent in to enforce an often theoretical peace and build a nation from scratch. Peacekeeping has become synonymous with nation- building. And so far, none of these exercises have been particularly successful. www.globalpolicy.org Source B It can thus be asserted that, in ideal circumstances, the UN can perform more effectively than in the ‘bad old days’, but that there has been no qualitative change in its capability. It is still principally an instrument of persuasion, acting with the consent of parties. Its coercive powers are not proven to be effective: it can impose mandatory sanctions, but the Gulf crisis and its aftermath, confirm the scepticism of previous doubters regarding t he effectiveness of this instrument. The Security Council can authorize states to use force to redress aggression, but it cannot itself direct the operation as was intended when the Charter was formulated. Furthermore, states are proving reluctant to commit forces to enforcement action in civil war situations when significant casualties and protracted involvement may result. Anthony Parsons, a former UK permanent representative to the UN, in United Nations, Divided World, 1993 Source C Missions that differ most from traditi onal peacekeeping operations tend to have the greatest difficulties, often because the forc es are not designed to carry out multiple functions…Precisely because complex peacekeeping missions combine different types of tasks as well as civilian and milit ary components, the assessment of these operations may be mixed. In Somalia, UN and US forces were successful in achieving the humanitarian ta sks, but they failed in the pacification and nation- building tasks. Cambodia is now regarded as a short-run success with longer-term mixed reviews. Likewise, Timor-Leste has achieved independence, but the long-term prognosis is uncertain. In Kosovo, the outco me remains in doubt, as it does in the several African conflicts in which the UN has most recently been involved – Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sudan. Karen A. Mingst and Margaret P. Karns, The United Nations in the 21st Century, 2005. Source D 2

What had occurred in Somalia and Yugosla via raised new doubts, especially in military circles, about the wo rth of any UN peacekeeping, old or new style. Some of the scepticism was rooted in the co mmand and control functions in the peacekeeping incidents. Although the Secretary-General had the formal command of ventures that were not bas ed in Chapter VII of the C harter and appointed the field command, officers of national units often sought advice or permission from their own governments before carrying out UN orders. Peter R. Baehr and Leon Gordenker, The United Nations at the End of the 1990s, 1999. Source E In a new, non-bipolar global structure the or iginal conception of collective security could come into its own. The response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 raised the prospect not just of a new daw n for peacekeeeping but of the advent of full-blooded international enforcement under Chapter VII of the Charter. The Security Council decided on bold action under Chapter V II and no veto was cast against it. A majority of the permanent members (the Unit ed States, Britain an d France) then led a military alliance with broad regional and international membership to secure United Nations objectives (Iraq’s withdrawal from Kuwait). Norrie Macqueen, The United Nations Since 1945, 1999. Answer the following question: How far do Sources A to E support the view that UN peacekeeping in the Post Cold-War Era had been largely ineffective? SECTION B 3

4 You must answer THREE questions from this section. 2. “Gorbachev and this new class demanded w hat they soon called ‘new thinking’ – not because they feared Reagan’s military buildup but because they understood that the Soviet system they inherited could not keep up with the technological changes that were revolutionizing Western societies.” How far would you agree with the statement that the Cold War came to an end because of the actions of Gorbachev and this new class? 3. How far was GATT able to prevent the “beggar-my-neighbour” policies in the global economy from 1945-1995? 4. ‘China’s economic miracle in the 1980s and 1990s were due, to a large extent, to the creation of an industrial backbone, by reforming the state industries’. Assess. 5. To what extent was the development of religious f undamentalism the result of Western influence in the 3rd World? 6. In the period 1945-2000, to what extent was the Isr aeli government responsible for the Arab-Israeli Conflict? – END –