AJC JC2 History Prelims P1 2008

ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2008 8814/9731(1): INTERNATIONAL HISTORY, 1945 – 2000 Duration: 3 hours 9 September 2008 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and question numbers of the questions attempted on this cover page. Answer four questions. You must answer Question 1 (Section A) and three questions from Section B. Write your answers on the separate writing paper provided. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. Draw a right-hand margin on every page of your answer scripts. Detach this cover page and attach it on top of your answer scripts, upon completion. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Question Number: Marks 1 /25 /25 /25 /25 Total Marks: /100 Name :__________________________________ PDG :__________________________________ This document consists of 4 printed pages.

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE YOM KIPPUR WAR OF 1973 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A The Security Council 1. Calls upon all parties to the present fighting to cease all firing and terminate all military activity immediately, no later than 12 hours after the moment of the adoption of this decision, in the positions they now occupy; 2. Calls upon the parties concerned to start immediately after the cease-fire the implementation of Security Council Resolution 242 (1967) in all of its parts; 3. Decides that, immediately and concurrently with the cease-fire, negotiations shall start between the parties concerned under appropriate auspices aimed at establishing a just and durable peace in the Middle East. UN Security Council Resolution 338, 22 October 1973. Source B Largely due to the efforts of the USSR, which was fearful of the possibility of a serious Egyptian defeat, the UN Security Council imposed a cease-fire effective 22 October. This cease-fire was soon violated, however, by both sides and a second and final cease-fire was established on 24 October. At the time of the ceasefire, Egyptian forces still occupied positions on the eastern side of the Canal…… Both the United States and the USSR were deeply committed to ending the conflict as soon as possible. Premier Kosygin of the USSR was in Egypt to argue personally for an end to hostilities as early as 16 October. Both superpowers feared the broadening of the conflict, an eventuality that might even involve them directly. Adapted from a report by GlobalSecurity.Org, an American security think-tank, 1989. Source C On 24 October, as fighting between Egypt and Israel reached a critical stage, the Security Council decided to set up a second United Nations Emergency Force UNEF II. The Force was immediately moved into place between the Israeli and Egyptian armies in the Suez Canal area, and its arrival effectively stabilised the situation. In the Israel-Syria sector tension remained high, and from March 1974 the situation became increasingly unstable. Against this background, the United States undertook a diplomatic initiative, which resulted in the conclusion of an Agreement on Disengagement between Israeli and Syrian forces. The Agreement provided for an area of separation and for two equal zones of limited forces and armaments on both sides of the area, and called for the establishment of a United Nations observer force to supervise its implementation. The Agreement was signed on 31 May 1974 and, on the same day, the Security Council adopted

3 resolution 350 (1974) by which it set up the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF). The Force has since performed its functions effectively, with the cooperation of the parties. The situation in the Israel-Syria sector has remained quiet. Both parties cooperate fully with the mission and for a number of years there have been no serious incidents. From the UN’s official website, 2005. Source D The United States and the Soviet Union jointly sponsored a Security Council resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire, the implementation of Resolution 242 of 1967 and negotiations for a peace settlement ‘under appropriate auspices’. This became UN Resolution 338 on 22 October 1973. Egypt and Israel accepted, as did Syria after 24 hours’ delay. The cease-fire was due to come into force on 22 October, but it immediately broke down. At this point, the Superpowers came as close as ever before to a direct clash over the Middle East. The Soviets threatened to respond unilaterally to an Egyptian request for US and Soviet troops to be sent to the Middle East to enforce the cease-fire, and the US responded by placing its forces on Defence Condition Three in the early hours of 25 October. The Soviet Union backed down and agreed instead to the formation of a UN Emergency Force in the Middle East from which the troops of the permanent members of the Security Council would be excluded. Peter Mansfield, A History of the Middle East , 2003. Source E The October 1973 (Yom Kippur) War led to an intensive period of shuttle diplomacy via US Secretary of State Kissinger (through May 1974), with some major accomplishments: disengagement between Israel and Egypt (and the establishment of UNEF II), disengagement between Israel and Syria (with the establishment of UNDOF), and the (first) Middle East peace conference held in Geneva in December 1973. Although the Geneva conference achieved little if anything, it was, against the background of the Cold War and the ongoing depths of the Arab-Israeli strife, something of a breakthrough…… The United States/Kissinger intervention showed that facilitating or mediating is more productive with the clout and forceful actions of a superpower than through the ‘gentle’ type of mediation under UN auspices…… From a set of memoirs by a Dutch diplomat on the topic of international relations, 1998. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the UN played a largely muted role in the resolution of the Yom Kippur War of 1973?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 “The Cold War aggravated regional conflicts which in turn aggravated the Cold War.” To what extent does this accurately describe the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis? 3 How far do you agree with the view that “the process towards the end of the Cold War was begun by Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative in 1983”? 4 “The rapid progress made in the development of the global economy was abruptly halted by the economic shocks of the 1970s.” Discuss. 5 Critically examine the roles played by dome stic and external political actors in the rise and development of religious fundamentalism in the period 1945 to 2000. 6 “Domestic politics largely influenced forei gn policies.” How far does this explain the protracted nature of the Indo-Pakistani conflict?