CJC 2008 History P2 prelims

CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 9731/02 8 September 2008 HISTORY 3 hours Paper 2 : History of Southeast Asia c 1900-1997 No additional materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, submit Section A separately from Section B. Start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008 SECTION A You must answer Question 1 EFFECTIVENESS OF ASEAN 1980-1997 1. Read the sources and then answer the question SOURCE A ASEAN Declaration of The South China Sea, Manila, Philippines, 22July 1992 We the Foreign Ministers of t he member countries of the As sociation of Southeast Asian Nations Hereby: 1. Emphasize the necessity to resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional issues pertaining to the South China Sea by peaceful means, without resort to force. 2. Urge all parties concerned to exercise restra int with the view to creating a positive climate for the eventual resolution of the crisis. 3. Resolve without prejudicing the sovereignty and ju risdiction of countries having direct interests in the region, to explore the possi bility of cooperation in the South China Sea relating to safety of maritime navigation a nd communication, protection against pollution of the marine environment, coordination of search and rescue operations, efforts towards combating piracy and armed r obbery as well as collaboration in the campaign against illicit trafficking in drugs; 4. Commend all parties concerned to apply the princi ples contained in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia as the basis for establishing a code of international code over the South China Sea; 5. Invite all parties concerned to subscribe to this Declaration of principles. An extract of the Declaration taken from http://www.aseansec.org. SOURCE B ASEAN’s key words have been conciliation and dipl omacy. In the 1980s, that diplomacy was used effectively in the Cambodian conflict, but it lost its edge when the United Nations Security Council assumed responsibility for resolving t he issue. ASEAN has sinc e been afflicted by a sense of drift over its security role, reinforced by disturbing changes in the regional balance of power. Historian Michael Leifer’s view of ASEAN , 1992.

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008 SOURCE C It is not and was not meant to be a supranational entity acting in dependently of its members. It has no regional parliament or council of ministers with la w making powers, no power of enforcement, no judicial system. The important thing is that ASEAN has to be measured against the purposes that it has set for itself and the limitations that it has imposed upon itself. ASEAN has to be judged by the results that it has produced in pursuit of those purposes and under those limitations, not against the wishes or expectations of others. Today, tensions between Southeast Asian countri es may occasionally surface. Some issues between them remain unresolved. A degree of mutual suspicion lingers. But no conflict has erupted between ASEAN members. The long period of peace and stability in Southeast Asia made possible three decades of unprecedented econ omic and social progress in the region, unprecedented in Southeast Asia and unprecedented in the developing world. Remarks by the Secretary General of ASEAN at the University of Sydney, 1998. SOURCE D “ASEAN has responded dynamically to the end of the Cold War. Another achievement at Manila (25 th Annual Ministerial Meeting) was the initiati ve exercised by ASEAN to invite the Foreign Ministers of China and Russia to attend their meeting as guests… That ASEAN discussed regional security with its dialo gue partners for the first time in Manila is a sign of the organization’s maturity. It also shows that ASE AN recognizes that economics and security is linked.” “ASEAN charts a New Regional order” by Tommy Koh, The Quest for World Order: Perspectives of a Pragmatic Idealist, 1998. SOURCE E The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) augments, but does not replace, existing security arrangements. This approach is supported by China and Japan and is the most logical and consistent extension of the “ASEAN Way” to the larger Asia-Pacific region. To many other ARF members, however, the organization’s approach to regional security issues underlines problems within the ARF. The ARF, is th erefore, faced with the critical issue of moving quickly and effectively enough to ensure the interest of its more impatient – mainly Western – members while maintaining the gradual pace and non- intrusive methods that will keep its Asian participants, particularly China engaged. On the surf ace, ASEAN is ideally suited to play this delicate balancing act. However, some of the cent ral principles (methods of consultation and consensus building) around which ASEAN has constructed the ARF are fundamentally flawed. An extract by Shaun Narine, Explaining ASEAN. Now answer the following question How far do sources A-E support the view that “ASEAN’s response to challenges in the region from the 1980s has been weak and ineffective ?”

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008 SECTION B You must answer THREE questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples from at least three countries. 2. “Similar yet different”. How accurately does this describe the nationalist movements in Southeast Asia in the pre-war period? 3. “The Japanese Occupati on of Southeast Asia produced the real beginning of the struggles for Southeast Asian independence”. How far do you agree with this statement? 4. “The search for effective political structures in the newly independent Southeast Asian states proved to be a disappointing experience”. Assess t he validity of this statement in the period 1950-1990. 5. To what extent can the colonial powers be blamed f or the post-independence problems of ethnic separatism and racial discord? 6. “Despite being a region riddled with inter-state disput es, Southeast Asia remained a stable region in the period 1960 -1997.” Discuss. ------------------- End of Paper------------------