MJC JC2 H2P1 HIST PE QP 2008

9731/1 NAME: _______________________________ CIVICS GROUP:________________________ JC2 HISTORY H2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 HISTORY 9731 / 01 International History, 1945-2000 17 September 2008 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics group clearly on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black ball point pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. Start each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions on this paper carry equal marks. Question Marks Total ______________________________________________________________ This document consists 4 printed pages. [Turn Over]

9731/1 2 SECTION A You must answer Question 1. THE UN AND INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM 1. Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A Stressing the need further to strengthen international cooperation between states in order to prevent, combat and eliminate terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, [the General Assembly] solemnly declares the following: 1. The States Members of the United Nations solemnly reaffirm their unequivocal condemnation of all acts, methods and practices of terrorism as criminal and unjustifiable, wherever and by whomsoever committed, including those which jeopardise friendly relations among States and peoples and threaten the territorial integrity and security of States. 2. The States Members of the United Nations reaffirm that acts, methods and practices of terrorism are contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations; they declare that knowingly financing, planning and inciting terrorist acts are also contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Declaration to Supplement the 1994 Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism, at the 88 th Plenary Meeting of the UN in December 1996. Source B The issue of international terrorism has been discussed on and off in the public forum since the 1960s. However, the response of the United Nations to international terrorism has been far from spectacular. The political polarisation of the world makes it very unlikely that the United Nations will deliver a coordinated and effective policy on the subject. In Soviet perceptions, “terrorism” is only possible in capitalist societies. The Soviet Union has consistently applied the word “terrorist” to western state behaviour and frequently to attacks taking place on western soil against western targets. The Soviet Union has at no time condemned terrorist activities as a tactic in the larger geopolitical conflict, as long as that conflict could be regarded as “revolutionary” and therefore perpetrated by “freedom fighters”. A British author and expert on terrorism writing in his book, The Soviet Union and Terrorism, 1984.

9731/1 3 Source C For decades, the Libyan regime of Colonel Muammar Qadhafi maintained a well- documented history of extensive State sponsorship of terrorism… Throughout the years, Libyan ambitions in the Arab and Muslim worlds, as well as aspirations for influence throughout Africa, have been the main drivers of Libyan support for international terrorism. In recent years, Tripoli has taken many steps to correct its past misdeeds, settle international claims, and dissociate itself from its terrorist past… The US State Department had claimed until early last year that there have been no cases of Libyan state-sponsored terrorism since 1994. Christopher Boucek, editor of one of Britain’s leading think-tanks, 2005. Source D The moderate, cooperative efforts of nations under the ICAO [International Civil Aviation Organization] conventions and international law effectively reduced terrorist incidents after the early 1970s. International terrorism will probably exist as long as war does. However, the success of ICAO against skyjacking, and of the United Nations in negotiating the release of hostages from Lebanon and in mobilizing sanctions against Libyan terrorism shows what can be done under international law and the United Nations. A distinguished research associate at an American University in his book, ‘The Evolution of the United Nations System’, published in 1997. Source E International terrorist incidents 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 Statistics on international terrorism, compiled by a leading US think-tank.

9731/1 4 Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A– E show that UN efforts in dealing with international terrorism have been far from effective in the period 1945-2000? SECTION B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. How far do you agree that it was the Truman Doctrine of 1947 that had marked the official start of the Cold War? 3. How far do you agree that the Cold War ended only with the collapse of the USSR in 1991? 4. “The rise and fall of the ‘Golden Age of Capitalism’ was intimately connected to the USA’s position as the world’s leading economic power.” How far do you agree? 5. “China’s economic miracle (1970-2000) was essentially dependent on Deng Xiaoping’s policy of openness (kai fang).” How far do you agree? 6. To what extent was the failure to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict (1948-2000) due to the emergence of non-state actors since the 1960s? - End of Paper -