TJC HISTORY H1 PRELIMS 2008

1 TEMASEK JUNIOR COLLEGE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2008. HISTORY 8814/ 9371/1 Paper 1:- International History, 1945 – 2000. 18th September 2008. 3 Hours. Additional Materials:- 1. Answer Paper 2. Cover Page. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST. 1. Write your Civics group, index number and name on all the work you hand in. 2. Write in dark blue or black pen. 3. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, music or rough working. 4. Do not use staples, paper clips highlighters, glue or correction fluid and tape. Answer Four Questions. You must answer Question 1 (Section A) and three questions from Section B. At the end of the examinations, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. Temasek Junior College 2008 [Turn over Temasek Junior College 2008 8814/9371/01/S/08 [Turn over

2 Section A You must answer Question 1 The United Nations and the International Court of Justice. Source A:- In most cases brought by a State unilaterally , the other state challenges the Court’s jurisdiction. In case of doubt or disagreem ent, it is the Court which decides on the matter. Whenever the Court has had to rule on such issues, it has declared itself competent in some 65 per cent of the cases. The ICJ:- Questions and Answers about the principle of judicial organ of the UN , May 2000 Source B :- The ICJ, or World Court, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, is located in the Hague. Its enabling status allows it to hear disputes only when both parties agree to participate in the proceedings. States, aloe can be parties to a contentious proceeding, although authorized international organizations may refer legal questions to the ICJ for advisory opinions. Over the course of 1998 – 99, the ICJ has seen an crease in its workload. Accounting for this activity are several new cases as well as counterclaims, preliminary objections, and requests for provisional measures in pre- existing cases that creased “cases within cases.” A Global Agenda: Issues Before the 54 th General Assembly, 2000 Temasek Junior College 2008 8814/9371/01/S/08 [Turn over

3 Source C : Article 94 1. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party. 2. If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment. The United Nations Charter. Source D :- The international Court of Justice is still far from attaining a centralized judicial authority. Its compulsory ju risdiction has been recognized by barely a third of the countries of the world, and even then w ith reservations in many cases, which can weaken or defeat the effective exercise of its jurisdiction. Law and Power in International Relations, 1982. Source E:- On 14 April 1972, following the failure of negotiations over the termination of agreement on fisheries jurisdiction between the UK and Iceland and the extension of exclusive Icelandic fisheries, the UK applied to the International Court of Justice. By 15 July 1974, on the merits, by ten votes to four, the Court:- a) found that the Icelandic Regulations of 1972 constituting a unilateral extension of the exclusive fishing rights of Iceland to 50 nautical miles from the baselines were not opposable to the United Kingdom. b) Found that Iceland was entitled to exclude unilaterally Unit ed Kingdom fishing vessels from areas between the 12 miles and 50 mile or unilaterally to impose restrictions on their activities in such areas c) Held that Iceland and the United Ki ngdom were under mutual obligation to undertake negotiations on their activities in such areas d) Indicated certain factors which were to be taken into account in the negotiations Digest of the International Cases on the Law of the Law, United Nations. 2007 1. How far do Sources A – E support the view that the effectiveness of the ICJ has been always under question? Temasek Junior College 2008 8814/9371/01/S/08 [Turn over

4 Temasek Junior College 2008 8814/9371/01/S/08 [Turn over Section B You must answer THREE questions from this section. 2. “It was the defeat of the Germans which revived old differences between the USA and the USSR and thereby precipitating the outbreak of the Cold War.” To what extent is this interpretation of the outbreak of the Cold War accurate? 3. Assess the view that the Arab rejection of the 1948 UN Partition Plan sealed the fate of the Middle Eastern relations for the larger half of the 20 th century. 4. “The Kargil Crisis is essentially the First Indian Pakistani War with an added nuclear dimension.” Critically evaluate the validity of this statement. 5. “It was through sheer luck th at the Japanese managed to develop themselves into an economic superpower.” Discuss. 6. How far do you agree that it was “economic reforms first political changes later” that contributed to the Chinese economic success? The End