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HISTORY 8814/01 PAPER 1 International History c.1945-2000 16 September 2009 3.0 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and CT on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer four questions. You must answer Question 1 (Section A) and any three questions from Section B. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists 4 printed pages. [Turn over 1 HWA CHONG INSTITUTION HWA CHONG INSTITUTION College 2 Preliminary Examination 2009 General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1

Section A You must answer Question 1. The United Nations and International Terrorism 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A The Security Council strongly deplores the fact the Libyan Government has not yet responded effectively to the above requests to cooperate fully in establishing responsibility for the terrorist acts against Pan Am Flight 103. The Security Council urges the Libyan government to provide a full and effective response to those requests so as to contribute to the elimination of international terrorism, and also urges all states individually and collectively to encourage the Libyan government to respond fully and effectively to these requests. An excerpt from the UN Security Council resolution 731 (1992). Source B The moderate, cooperative efforts of nations under the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) conventions and international law effectively reduced terrorist incidents after the early 1970s. International terrorism will probably exist as long as war does. However, the success of ICAO against skyjacking, and of the United Nations in negotiating the release of hostages from Lebanon and in mobilizing sanctions against Libyan terrorism shows what can be done under international law and the United Nations. An excerpt taken from an American academic text on the subject published in 1997. Source C Finally, Western nations, which are pertinent members in the UN, have generally not perceived international terrorism to be a highly significant threat. National measures have been fairly effective against internationally supported domestic terrorists, and to a somewhat lesser extent against international terrorists operating within Western borders. With some notable exceptions, most international terrorist acts committed in the West have been directed against non Western targets, inevitably attenuating the reaction of the Western nations concerned. An excerpt taken from an American academic text on the subject published in 1986. Source D During the 1980s, US officials hailed bin Laden and his recruits as "freedom fighters" in the CIA-financed war to oust the Soviets from Afghanistan. Bin Laden's associates were trained and armed by the CIA, and the camp in Khost hit by US missiles was a former 2

CIA camp. Also, several high ranking US government officials approved the sale of weapons and spare parts to Iran, which contradicts the anti terrorist policy of the US which had attempted to isolate Iran from the rest of the world, claiming that Iran sponsored international terrorism. The US is now suffering "blowback" from arming and training such international terrorists, which renders the global fight against international terrorism more challenging. This type of counterterrorism operation reinforces widespread views in the Middle East and Africa that the US exercises a double standard with respect to issues of human rights, political support, retaliation, and more. Throughout much of the world, there is indignation at the US's strong support for Israel and failure to advance a genuine Middle East peace settlement. Responding to terrorism with military strikes only deepens those anti-American views. A report from American scholars on when terrorism began, 1998. Source E Statistics on international terrorism compiled by a leading US think tank Now answer the following question: How far do Sources A to E show that the UN was effective in the preventing the propagation of international terrorism from 1945 to 2000? [Turn over 3

Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 "Excessive apprehension, not aggression, led to the dawn of the Cold War." Discuss. 3 ‘The coalition of international organizations and transnational corporations from 1945 to 2000 has merely resulted in greater servitude to first world country interests and the undermining of third world economic sovereignty” How far do you agree with this assertion? 4 To what extent do you agree that the development of the capitalist world economy in the period 1945-2000 was largely driven by countries which benefited from the Marshall Plan? 5 “It was primarily because of United Nation’s lack of power in enforcement of its resolutions that aggravated the Arab Israeli conflict from 1948 to 2000.”How far do you agree with this statement? 6 Which was a more significant cause for the rise of religious fundamentalism between the 1960s and 2000: the nature of competing ethnic religious factions or the failed promises of Western economic and political systems? 4

Section A 1 Source based question: The United Nations and Human Rights L1 WRITES ABOUT THE HYPOTHESIS, NO VALID USE OF SOURCES [1-5] These answers will write about the United Nations and international terrorism and might use the sources. However, candidates will not use the sources as information/evidence to test the given hypothesis. If sources are used, it will be to support an essay style answer to the question. L2 USES INFORMATION TAKEN FROM THE SOURCES TO CHALLENGE OR SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS [6-8] These answers use the sources as information rather than evidence Ie sources are used at face value only with no evaluation/ interpretation in context, EITHER Yes, the UN was effective in preventing the growth of international terrorism. Source B illustrates this point when it states that “The moderate, cooperative efforts of nations under the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) conventions and international law effectively reduced terrorist incidents after the early 1970s.” Source E also seems to suggest that the UN was effective in countering terrorism from 1991 to 2000 as the number of international terrorist attacks dropped from 420 in 1991 to 100 in 2000. OR No, the UN was ineffective in preventing the growth of international terrorism. You can tell this from Source C, which states that “National measures have been fairly effective against internationally supported domestic terrorists, and to a somewhat lesser extent against international terrorists operating within Western borders.” 5

Also, in Source A, the Security Council seemed ineffective as “the Libyan Government has not yet responded effectively to the above requests to cooperate fully in establishing responsibility for the terrorist acts against Pan Am Flight 103, and has urged the Libyan government to provide a full and effective response to those requests so as to contribute to the elimination of international terrorism.” L3 USES INFORMATION TAKEN FROM THE SOURCES TO CHALLENGE AND SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS [9-13] Yes, the UN was effective in preventing the growth of international terrorism. Source B illustrates this point when it states that “The moderate, cooperative efforts of nations under the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) conventions and international law effectively reduced terrorist incidents after the early 1970s.” Source E also seems