MI H2 HIST P1

Class Adm No Candidate Name:    Preliminary Examination Two 2009 Pre-university 3 INTERNATIONAL HISTORY, 1945-2000 PAPER 1 9731/1 Wednesday 16 September 2009 3 hours Additional materials: Answer paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name, class and admission number in the space s at the top of this pa ge and on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer three questions from this section. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. __________________________________________________________________________________ This question paper consists of 4 printed pages.

__________________________________________________________________________________ This question paper consists of 4 printed pages. SECTION A: THE UNITED NATIONS AND GLOBAL AFFAIRS, 1945-2000 You must answer Question 1 UNITED NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW Source A One of the major achievements of UNCLOS was that it resolved important jurisdictional questions relating to ocean space by establishing various mar itime zones and setting out which states have the right to regulate the uses of the oceans in those zones. An associate professor at National University of Singapore and executive chairman of the Society of International Law in Singapore, in a commentary to the Straits Times, 1999. Source B The United Nations is throwing a party to which the world is invited. The cake is the oceans: Everyone is to get a chunk, no one is to be disappointed. Canada has been among the first nations to accept the invitation to sign the United Nations Convention on th e Law of the Sea. Others – most notably the United States - have declined, but at least 129 nations have accepted… Critics of the convention are not confined to the United States. Uwe Jenisch, councillor to the West German Law of the Sea delegation, said the jurisdictional boundaries set by UNCLOS w ill permit the nationalization of 35 per cent of the ocean space and 40 per cent of the ocean floor. Wr iting in NATO's 15 Countries, a Brussels-based journal, he said: "Eighty per cent of the world's fish stocks and vi rtually all of the potential marine resources of oil and gas, as well as a number of other natural resources," will become the property of a small group of states, many of which are already affl uent. UNCLOS "jeopardizes world peace by giving rise to an abundance of zone delim itation disputes, and in the long r un, by establishing two classes of states with and without marine resources." The Globe and Mail (Canada), 1984. Source C One of the more powerful achievements of the United Nations system has been the establishment of a regime of international treaties and conventions. It is these international treaties that provide the legal framework for the suppression of terr orist acts and the pursuit of perpetra tors of terrorism, and set out ways to limit illicit access to the tools terrorists need. UN anti-terrorism treaties that predate 11 September 2001 range from the UN International Civil Aviation Organization, 1963 Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, draf ted in 1999. Since 11 Sept ember 2001, Member States agreed on a new convention dealing with the thr eat of terrorists using nuc lear materials. Most importantly, adherence to the existing 13 international treaties has increased dramatically since 2001. Taken from the official website of the United Nations.

__________________________________________________________________________________ This question paper consists of 4 printed pages. Source D With the huge expansion of coastal states' claims, the increased risk of clashes arising from these claims presents more immediate dangers than does the still fairly remote prospect of deep-sea mining. In the past few years such clashes have occurred in almost every part of the world. Take Libya. True, it has a bellicose and expansionist government; even so, the fact that it is at odds with other countries over several different sea-law issues ca n also be related to the presen t thoroughly unsatisfactory state of international sea law itself. Libya has a quarrel with its neighbour, Tunisia, a bout the division of their shares of the continental shelf, which has now b een brought before the In ternational Court at The Hague… The court has yet to hear the case (although Libya's unfulfilled promis e to submit it to The Hague is now five years old). Meanwhile, oil-rich Libya has successfully used force and threats to frustrate Malta's only hope of acquiring an oilfield of its own. The Economist, 1981. Source E Currently the member states are still negotiating the draft compre hensive convention on international terrorism on the basis of the text submitted by Indi a in 1996 and the draft international convention for the suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism… One of the most problematic issues concerning the elaboration of the comprehensive convention is the definition of te rrorism. Some delegations (Cuba, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Sy ria and Sudan) are of the view that the definition should be extended to state-sponsored terrorism and acts of state terrorism. They consider state terrorism acts such as American strikes against Iraq and Sudan or Israeli activities in the occupied territories. Other delegations hold that certain acts of state-sponsored terrorism mi ght be covered by the convention, however, other types of state con duct, referred to as state terr orism is beyond the scope of the convention and subject to other norms, such as the law governing state responsibility and the prohibition of the use of force under Article 2, paragraph 4 or Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Written by Árpád Prandler, Head of the International Law Department of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ,and Rita Silek, legal officer of the International Law Department of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a scholarly journal, 2002. How far do Sources A-E support the view that ‘UN’s attempts to codify international laws brought about more problems than benefits’?

__________________________________________________________________________________ This question paper consists of 4 printed pages. SECTION B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. Assess the view that “the fundamental underlying cau se of the Cold War was the belief in both the USSR and the US that confrontation was unavoidable”. 3. “The Cold War ended because communism contained the seeds of its own destruction”. Discuss. 4. Why was USA able to dominate the postwar international economy in the period 1945-1980 and how crucial was its dominance to the growth of the global economy? 5. How far do you agree that “the Arab -Israeli conflict emerged with th e advent of nationalism in the Middle East and the conflict is one of competing nationalisms”? 6. Which event was more important in the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the Third World: the Iranian Revolution or Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?