YJC H1 HIST P1

1 YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMIINARY EXAMINATION 2009 H1 AND H2 HISTORY 9731/01 & 8814/01 INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 24/08/2009 PAPER 1 MONDAY 1400h-1700h Additional materials: 1 piece of cover page YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COL L E GE YISHUN JU NIOR C O LLE GE YISHUN J U NIO R COLLEG E Y I SHU N JUNIO R COL L E GE TIME 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and CTG in the spaces provided on the cover page. Answer FOUR questions, the compulsory source-based question in Section A and any 3 questions in Section B. At the end of the examination, please hand in your answers to Paper 1 with the cover page placed on top of the answer scripts. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers. Each question is 25 marks.

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. UNITED NATIONS AND PEACE EFFORTS DURING THE COLD WAR ERA 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A The UN did not boast a glorious hist ory; only chauvinistic nations boas t of glorious histories. But the UN created Israel, joined the United States in the war against North Korea, helped put an end to colonial empires at Suez, ended the secession of Katanga…It hosted such visionary figures as Dag Hammarskjold, Adlai Stevenson, and Ral ph Bunche….All in all, it could boast a distinguished and action-packed history. While taking part in some of the most tumultuous events of the century, the United Nations had served the world nobly and well for fifty years. An American’s reflections on the UN’s record at its 50th Anniversary, 1995. Source B Under Collective Security, states attempt to pr event aggression by agreeing to unite in collective security against an aggressor with the overwhelmi ng united threat of co unterforce, mobilized through an international organiza tion like the United Nations. Stat es do not act on the basis of their own individual national interests, but on the perceived collective interests of the international community to counter aggression whenever and wherever it may appear. From the outset, the UN was a limited collective organization since the veto ensur ed no collective measures could ever be instituted against the “Big Five”. With the deepen ing Cold War after World War Two, concurrence among the members of the Security Council was almost impossible to achieve. Karen A. Mingst & Margaret P Karns, ‘The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era’, 2000. Source C The United Nations Security Council found Nort h Korea guilty today of breaking the peace, demanded that the Communist Go vernment pull back its troops at once and called for an immediate ceasefire throughout Ko rea. Ten members of the Council rushed to…an emergency meeting, requested by the United States, and acted swiftly on one of the bluntest resolutions ever presented in the United Nations. Nine of those countries voted for the resolution. There were no countries voting against it; Yugoslavia raised a hand in abstention. The resolution carried with it the clear implication that the United Nations would move to stronger measures if North Korea flouted the Council. United States spok esmen said the motion was put forward under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, the ‘last resort’, which permits the United Nations to invoke sanctions, blockade and even military action. The New York Times, 26 June 1950.

3 Source D For all its failures there is no question that Chapter VI peacekeeping has been the most important contribution made by the UN to internati onal peace and security over the past thirty- five years or so. However, the system has three inherent defects. Fi rst, the fact that a force or observer group is dependent on the ac quiescence of the parties is a serious weakness. The fate of UNEF 1, deployed in the Suez Canal Zone in 1956, is a classic case in point. When President Nasser ordered the force to leave Egypt in 1967, the UN had no choice but to comply. Second, because of their peacekeeping rather t han enforcement task, forces have been lightly armed and their rules of engagement have been effectively excluded opening fire except in immediate self-defence. This poi nt was proved when, in 1982, the Israelis decided to invade Lebanon. The presence of UNIFIL in south Lebanon did not deter them. Thirdly, peacekeeping has been infe cted by the East/West disease. Until 1987 the Soviet Union took the view that any military action taken by the UN outside Chapter V II would be beyond its legal authority. Hence Soviet refusal to contribute financially to peacekeeping has on occasion brought the UN to bankruptcy. Sovi et complaints have consistently undermined discussion in the Security Council and restricted the initiative of the Secretary-General. Sir Anthony Parsons, UK permanent representative at the UN from 1979 to 1982, in a newspaper article written in 1989. Source E The Congo crisis of the early 1960s further underscored the challenge of the Cold War to the United Nations…Deflecti ng the Soviet challenge, Hammarskjold persisted in his efforts, in the event dying in a plane crash in a remote pa rt of Northern Rhodesia. The Congo dissolution persisted into the middle of t he decade, after which the country was kept together but was left with an unsatisfactory dictatorship. The centre of Africa continued to be a place where Cold War differences disrupted any UN attempts at reso lution. UN efforts in the Congo and elsewhere raised serious questions about the efficacy of UN peacekeeping, particularly in the era of Cold War tension. Adapted from Moore and Pubantz from ‘The New United Nations: International Organization in the Twenty-First Century’, 2006. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that during the Cold War period, the efforts of the United Nations to maintain peace were doomed to failure?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. Which did more to cause the collapse of communism by 1991: the pol icies of Ronald Reagan or Gorbachev? 3. “The end of the Cold War saw to the emergence of a new world order.” How far do you agree with this statement of the period 1991-2000? 4. “The problems experienced by the global economy during the crisis decades were caused by the developed countries.” Discuss. 5. “Being a major market for the world eco