HCI 2009 H2 HIST Prelim P2

HISTORY 9731/02 PAPER 2 History of Southeast Asia c.1900-1997 22 September 2009 3.0 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and CT on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists 4 printed pages. [Turn over 1 HWA CHONG INSTITUTION HWA CHONG INSTITUTION College 2 Preliminary Examination 2009 General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2

Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. SOURCE A Achieving this end-goal of an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) may appear daunting at first glance but ASEAN is not starting from scratch as some of the building blocks towards an economically integrated ASEAN are already in place. Existing ASEAN economic integration programmes such as the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) and the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) are currently being implemented to eliminate intra-regional barriers in the movement of goods, services and investments. In other words, the formation of an AEC should be seen as a logical next step up the economic integration ladder. An excerpt from an article by Denis Hew, “Build an ASEAN Economic Community Step by Step”, The Business Times, 15 June 1997. SOURCE B The existing low level of intra-ASEAN trade has always been the rallying point for the ‘regionalists’, who strongly advocate a rapid growth of intra-regional trade in order to diversify the region’s market base and to reduce its over-dependence on the industrialised countries. However, the intra-ASEAN trade since 1976 has simply failed to take off in real terms and remains stagnant at around 15 percent level, despite the implementation of some regional trade liberalisation measures. In a sense, the sluggish expansion of intra-regional trade in ASEAN brings to the fore the inefficacy of the technique of trade cooperation adopted by ASEAN. A study by the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation on ASEAN issued in 1983. 2

SOURCE C The data bears out the limited effectiveness of AFTA. First, intra-ASEAN trade has accounted for only about one-fifth of ASEAN’s total trade, this share remained stagnant over the last decade (and much of the intra-ASEAN trade is due to Singapore), at the expense of its increasing trade linkages with the two Asian giants China and India. Intra-ASEAN trade is also far lower than other regional economic alliances such as the European Union (two-thirds) or the North American Free Trade Area (one half). Second, only a small proportion of intra-ASEAN trade is conducted under the CEPT. In addition, little to no progress has been made in facilitating intra-ASEAN services trade. One of the prime reasons behind this has been political constraints, associated with the protectionist interests of those who might lose from reforms in AFAS. Besides the AFTA and AFAS initiatives that provide a limited de facto building block for economic integration, there is also the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) initiative that accords ASEAN investors preferential treatment with regards to market access and the granting of national treatment, for all sectors except for those deemed to be sensitive. However, as expected, implementation of this scheme has been uneven among newer and older ASEAN members. Indeed, the framework of agreement of the AIA lacks substantive details, although being legally binding, as the implementation is left to the individual members. A comment by a historian, in a journal article entitled “ASEAN Economic Integration: Glass Half Empty or Half Full?” published in 1999. SOURCE D 3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields. 4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres. 5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilisation of their agriculture and industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the problems of international commodity trade, the improvement of their transportation and communication facilities and the raising of the living standards of their peoples. An excerpt from the Bangkok Declaration, 8 August 1967. 3

SOURCE E It has been said that the progress of ASEAN’s economic integration has been hampered by the admission of the four new members. I fail to see how this is so. If the four had not been admitted into ASEAN, the AFTA, for example, would have included only the six older members… In the light of their small share in intra-ASEAN trade and in investments in ASEAN, the ASEAN-4 cannot be the obstacle to ASEAN’s economic progress that they are sometimes accused of being. In fact, the accession of the ASEAN-4 to the AFTA and related agreements has, at least theoretically, given investors a wider choice of where to place their investments in the free trade area according to the availability and cost of other resources, the effectiveness and enforcement of the legal and policy regime, the overall investment climate, and so on. An excerpt from Southeast Asia: In Search of an ASEAN Community, written by Rodolfo C. Severino, former ASEAN Secretary-General, in 2006. Now answer the following question. Using Sources A to E, show how far the evidence supports the assertion that “Since the 1970s, ASEAN has successfully fostered regional economic cooperation.” Section B You must answer three questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2 To what extent is it valid to assert that the achievements of the nationalists in Southeast Asia paled in comparison to their failures from 1900 to 1941? 3 “Disillusionment caused more by broken and unfulfilled promises than wartime dislocation and destruction.” How far is this quotation an accurate explanation for the loss of native support for Japanese rule? 4 “The rise of military as a pivotal political actor in many Southeast Asian countries in the post-1945 period must be attributed to its inherent strengths.” Discuss. 5 “Efforts at nation-building have largely failed in Southeast Asia.” Discuss the validity of this claim. 6 How far has inter-state conflict been caused by territorial disputes in Southeast Asia? 4

Section A ASEAN AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Using Sources A to E, show how far the evidence supports the assertion that “Since the 1970s, ASEAN has successfully fostered regional economic cooperation.” SOURCE BASED ANSWER SCHEME L1 WRITES ABOUT THE HYPOTHESIS, NO VALID USE OF SOURCES [1-5] These answers will write about ASEAN and economic development. Sources may be mentioned. However, candidates will not use the sources as information/ evidence to test the given hypothesis. If sources are used, it will be to support an essay style answer to the question. L2 USES INFORMATION TAKEN FROM THE SOURCES TO CHALLENGE OR SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS [6-8] These answers use the sources as information rather than evidence The sources are used at face value only with no evaluation/ interpretation in context Example: EITHER Yes, ASEAN was effective in promoting regional economic development. Source A illustrates this point when it states that “existing ASEAN