DHS H1 H2 HIST P1

1 ____________________________________________________________________________ HISTORY 8814/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 9731/01 23 September 2009 Additional Materials: Answer Paper 3 Hours Cover Page _____________________________________________________________________________ READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. [25m] This document consists of 4 printed pages. DUNMAN HIGH SCHOOL Year 6 Preliminary Examination 2009

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. UN Peacekeeping Efforts in Somalia 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A The Somali people must b e placed at the center of all security, humanitarian and political efforts. No outsider has the right to disregard the Somalis, in particular to decide who can or who cannot be part of future political arrangements. Hasty and misguided efforts to do so hav e had disastrous consequences. The fact is that most UN officials involved in the Somali effort have compromised themselves and lost the confidence of the people. Comment by Isaias Afwereki President of a neighbouring country, 1993. Source B The first combined UN-U.S mission was doomed to fail for the lack of a coherent political and military strategy to reach its over -ambitious goals. Somalia had been an invaluable lesson for the United States and the UN in what is likely and unlikely to work in complex political- humanitarian emergencies that have become all too common. Drawing coherent policies and strategies, including military options and contingency plans, is no guarantee for success in these emergencies. But their lack in Somalia was a guarantee for failure. Andrzej Sitkowski, worked with the UN as a consultant for 18 years, 2006. Source C Although the goal of the humanitarian mission was quickly achieved, the United Nations found itself dragged into the Somalis' battles, which resulted in the dea ths of dozens of UN peacekeepers and hundreds of Somalis at the hands of U.S. and UN forces. Even the United States has suffered casualties in its efforts to impose stability in Mogadishu. When 18 U.S. soldiers were killed in October 1993 during a Somali -U.S. confrontation, it became apparent to U.S. policymakers that establishing a functioning society in Somalia was more complex than they had thought. Although the United States has refrained from committing itself further to nation building in Somalia and has promised to withdraw from that country by March 31, 1994, the United Nations has pledged to remain there to work out a political settlement --a strategy likely to end in failure, since disputing factions now regard the United Nations as an obstacle to peace and "an occupying force." Indeed, the violence aimed at the United Nations has been due precisely to many Somalis' resentment that the solutions to their problems would be dictated from outside and to suspicion about the United Nations' political agenda. George B. N. Ayittey, an associate professor at an American University,1994.

3 Source D Large numbers of Somalis saw the American forces as representatives of the government which served as the major Western supporter of the hated former dictatorship . It wasn't long before the slogan of American forces was 'The only good Somali is a dead Somali.' It had become apparent that the U.S. had badly underestimated the resistance. Written by an American journalist, 2004. Source E According to documents obtained by journalists, nearly two-thirds of Somalia was allocated to the American oil giants Conoco, Amoco, Chevron and Phillips in the final years before Somalia's pro -U.S. President Mohamed Siad Barre was overthrown and the nation plunged into chaos in Janua ry, 1991. Industry sources said the companies holding the rights to the most promising concessions are hoping that the Bush Administration's decision to send U.S. troops to safeguard aid shipments to Somalia will also help protect their multimillion -dollar investments there. The Oil Factor in Somalia, Los Angeles Time, 1993. Now answer the following question. “The success of UN’s peacekeeping efforts in Somalia (1992-1995 ) was largely hindered by local resistance.” How far do the Sources A to E support this view?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. To what extent did the division of Germany in 1945 mark the outbreak of the Cold War? 3. ‘The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe brought about the en d of the Cold War.’ How far do you agree? 4. ‘The global economy from 1945 to 2000 was distinguished by more pr oblems than successes.’ Do you agree? 5. ‘After 1971, the USA lost dominance of the global economy.’ To what extent is this true of the USA’s economy from 1971 to 2000? 6. To what extent can the outbreak of the Arab -Israeli conflict in 1948 be attributed to the rise of Arab nationalism?