ACJC 2009 H1 HIST Prelim P1

- 1 - ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations JC2 H I S T O R Y 8814/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 20 August 2009 3 hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your class, index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer four questions. You must answer Question 1 (Section A) and three questions from Section B. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn over] © ACJC 2009 8814/01/Preliminary Exams/09

- 2 - Section A You must answer Question 1. The UN and Nuclear Disarmament 1. Read the Sources and then answer the question. Source A The prolifer ation of all weapons of mass destruction constitutes a threat to international peace and security. The members of the [Security] Council commit themselves to working to prevent the spread of technology related to the research for or production of such weapons and to take appropriate action to that end. On nuclear proliferation, they note the importance of the decision of many countries to adhere to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and emphasize t he integral role in the implementation of that Treaty of fully effective IAEA 1 safeguards, as well as the importance of effective export controls. The members of the Council will take appropriate measures in the case of any violations notified to them by the IAEA. From a note by the President of the Security Council, 31 January 1992 Source B The UN’s enforcement function is perhaps the hottest item of the day. Nuclear disarmament - or the NPT itself for that matter - has enjoyed decades without having to confront any serious breach of the treaty requiring enforcement actions. The Security Council had long shied away from the steps needed to achieve nuclear disarmament, even though Article 47 of the Charter authorized its Military Staff Committee to advise the Council on all questions relating to “the regulation of armaments, and possible disarmament.” Then came the Iraqi and the North Korean nuclear-weapons revelations. On Iraq, the Security Council took strong steps adopting the mandatory Resolution 687 2 and subsequent resolutions. The North Korean question was settled outside the UN in 1994. Report of the Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs of the United Nations, 8 November 2003 1 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an independent, UN-affiliated organization that seeks to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies. 2 United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 which was on 3 April 1991 set the terms with which Iraq was to co mply after losing the Gulf War. It required the destruction of all chemical, nuclear and biological weapons, as well as all ballistic missiles with range greater than 150km. © ACJC 2009 8814/01/Preliminary Exams/09

- 3 - Source C Amongst other things, the resolution: 1) Calls on the Nuclear Weapon States to demonstrate an unequivocal commitment to speedy and total elimination of their respective nuclear weapons; to pursue without delay and in good faith, and to bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to the elimination of those weapons, thereby fulfilling their obligations under article VI of the Non Proliferation Treaty. 2) Calls for an International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation. 3) Calls on nuclear weapons-capable states, that have not acceded to the Non Proliferation Treaty, to reverse their pursuit of nuclear weapons. The new agenda coalition resolution was passed by the UN First Committee on Friday, November 13 1998 by 97 votes to 19, with 32 abstentions. The three NATO Nuclear Weapon States, the US, UK and France, that voted against were joined by Russia, India, Israel and Pakistan. Turkey was the only other NATO state to vote against. Apart from that, the opposition came almost entirely from former Eastern Bloc states wishing to join NATO but who felt too vulnerable to risk offending the NATO Nuclear Weapon States. From an article on a website Abolition 2000 UK, set up by a pro-nuclear disarmament action group based in the United Kingdom, 1998 Source D No UN sanctions have b een imposed on India and Pakistan after their 1998 nuclear tests partly because they are not in the NPT and are therefore under no obligations. But they also have had and have powerful friends in Russia and the United States who would have vetoed Security Council sanctions. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was an ally of India but more recently the US has come closer to India, seeing it as a stable, democ ratic and increasingly important regional power. It has signalled its acceptance that India is now a nuclear-armed state. The two countries reached an agreement under which the US lifted a ban on trade in civilian nuclear technology and India agreed to accept IAEA inspection of its civilian nuclear sites. Israel comes under pressure from other Middle East states but is supported by the United States, which would stop any moves in the UN to impose sanctions. A Special Report on Nuclear Disarmament on BBC News, 11 Dec 2006 © ACJC 2009 8814/01/Preliminary Exams/09

- 4 - © ACJC 2009 8814/01/Preliminary Exams/09 Source E "[T]here appears to be some progress in the nuclear file, but we believe that it is premature to totally close that file without further steps being taken specifically regarding nuclear enrichment, design and nuclear exports," said Bill Richardson, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. The IAEA’s report describes a pattern of reluctant but adequate cooperation that has allowed the agency's inspectors to conclude that all of Iraq's nuclear materials and relevant technology have been accounted for satisfactorily. Pointing to the completion in March of inspections at Iraq's presidential sites, the existence of an ongoing monitoring and verification system to prevent misuse of remaining equipment and materials, and a "technically coherent" declaration by Iraq of its previous clandestine nuclear weapons program, the IAEA concluded that further investigation into Baghdad's nuclear past has reached the point of diminishing returns. While mentioning some lingering concerns about Iraq's post-war efforts to conceal its nuclear weapons program and procurement efforts to s upport it, the agency indicated that intrusive long-term monitoring should be the focus of its future efforts. From an article by a Senior Research Analyst at the Washington-based Arms Control Association (ACA), 1998 Now answer the following question. How far do sources A to E support the view that in the years 1991 to 2000, the UN’s efforts at nuclear disarmament were a complete failure? Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. How far was the outbreak of the Cold War in Europe a result of t