CJC 2009 H1 H2 HIST Prelim P1

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2009 CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2009 H2 HISTORY 8814/01, 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945 - 2000 Friday, 11 September 2009 0800 – 1100h (3 hours) READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper . Section A Answer Question 1 . Section B Answer any three questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. Start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2009 Section A: You must answer Question 1. The United Nations in East Timor 1. Read the Sources and then answer the question. Source A The Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, 1. Decides to establish, in accordance with the rep ort of the Secretary-General, a United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), which will be endowed with overall responsibility for the administration of East Timor and will be em powered to exercise all legislative and executive authority, including the administration of justice; 2. Decides also that the mandate of UNTAET shall co nsist of the following elements: a) To provide security and maintain law and order t hroughout the territory of East Timor; b) To establish an effective administration; c) To assist in the development of civil and social services; d) To ensure the coordination and delivery of human itarian assistance, rehabilitation and development assistance; e) To support capacity-building for self-government ; f) To assist in the establishment of conditions for sustainable development. From the UN Security Council Resolution 1272, 25 October 1999. Source B “Our assessment here [...] is that the people of Ea st Timor are ready for independence,” he said. “The y have suffered a long foreign occupation and domination, and I think the time has come for them to get their independence,” Ambassador Andjaba stressed. He adde d that the UN Mission played a vital role in spearheading important social and political transformations in the territory since last year's post-referendum violence. The purpose of the Security Council mission to East Timor was in part to review the implementation of Council Resolution 1272, which gives the UN Transit ional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) the mandate to prepare the territory for independence. The Security Council team then flew to West Timor, Indonesia, where it met with senior Indonesian civilian, military and police officials to discuss Council Re solution 1319, in particular the need for disarming and disbanding militia groups and repatriating refugees to East Timor. Ambassador Andjaba said in a statement that the Council had come “as friends of Indonesia” and would work with Jakarta to solve the problems in West Timor. Taken from a website maintained by the UN Peace and Security Section of the Department of Public Information, November 2000. Source C With the mandate of UNTAET approaching its second y ear, both praise and criticism can be found for the UN mission.

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2009 UNTAET has been commended by Timorese for its focus on rural areas, wide-ranging programs, and its biweekly newsletter and radio program, which aim to inform the public about its policies. Criticism has come from several public figures, inc luding National Council President Xanana Gusmao, who said he hopes “that UNTAET would not repeat its mistakes of the first year.” Four of the nine ministers of the East Timor Transi tional Administration (ETTA) threatened to resign e arlier because of frustration with UNTAET policies. The ETTA was established as part of the “Timorization” policy that aims to gradually transfer authority to the lo cal populace. According to one of those ministers, Economic Minister Mari Alkatiri, “UNTAET should be subordinate” to the ETTA, adding, “Now that's Timorization.” Timorese have also criticized UNTAET of wage discrimination where foreign staff are paid more than locals for doing similar work. There is also criticism that UNTAET, along with other international nongovernmental organizations, fails to consult regularly with the local populace on many issues. A news report from United Nations Foundation, February 2001. Source D Many of these achievements are either misleading or things that UNTAET has been forced to do under pressure from Timorese people, civil society and le aders and international critics. We wish to clarify UNTAET’s claims. .. The country is still littered with the destruction from 1999. It is the most dramatic feature of the Timorese landscape, still. Slowly th is is being addressed by Timorese themselves, in sm all ways in different places. Other buildings have been rebuilt through bilateral donations. UNTAET has do ne little on this front and claims that it is not part of its mandate. But the mandate refers to “rehabi litation” which includes reconstruction. The blueprint of the World Bank flows from the mandate of UNTAET and it s work is based on reconstruction of the country. A challenge posed by a pro-Independence youth organization to UNTAET’s publication on UN’s 20 Major Achievements in East Timor, September 2001. Source E The international community has generally judged th e UN’s intervention in East Timor to have been successful, but the UNTAET mission in particular at tracted criticisms of waste and inefficiency from E ast Timorese leaders, members of the mission itself and a range of observers. In fact, the UN delivered on each of its mandates in East Timor. But for future interventions in post-conflict environments, there are obviously questions that need to be answered as to what is within the capability of the UN to provide and what improvements can be made in the UN’s planning and implementation process. It must be understood however, that the UN’s involvement in East Timor we nt beyond traditional peacekeeping and arguably beyond the purpose for which UN was originally crea ted. In line with the trend towards more complex peace operations since the end of the Cold War, Eas t Timor required UN assistance in the areas of governance and elections, security enforcement, and nation building. From a book published by an Australian academic, 2003. Now answer the following question. How far do sources A-E show that from 1999 to 2000, the United Nations was active and effective in preparing East Timor for independence?

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2009 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. To what extent can it be argued that Soviet acti ons were more expansionistic than the Americans’ from 1945 to 1955? 3. How far do you agree that the Cold War ended bec ause of Gorbachev? 4. “American economic dominance led to the growth of the international economy.” How far is this true in the period 1945 to 2000? 5. “Prosperity breeds crisis.” Assess the validity of this statement in relation to the global economy from the 1960s to 1990s. 6. “Israeli aggression is the main source of instability in the Middle East from 1960 to 2000”. Discuss.