AJC H2 HIST P1

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and PDG on all the work you hand in, including this cover sheet. Write in dark blue or black pen. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten the answer to each question separately, with this cover sheet attached on top of your answer to the first question. Indicate the question numbers of the questions attempted in the table below. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Name : __________________________________ PDG : __________________________________ This document consists of 4 printed pages, including this page. ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2009 Higher 1 Higher 2 HISTORY Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 No Additional Materials are required. 8814/01 9731/01 Wed 16 Sep 09 3 hours Question No. Marks Section A 1 /25 Section B /25 /25 /25 Total Marks: /100

© Anderson Junior College 8814/9731/01 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND EAST TIMOR 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A Jakarta entered serious negoti ations on East Timor for the first time in a quarter -century following interim president B. J. Habibie's announcement in January 1999 that the East Timorese could have their freedom if they no longer wanted to be part of Indonesia. And, on 5 May , Indonesia and Portugal (the legal administering power for East Timor) agreed on the process for the 30 August popular consultation. The UN and Portugal believed that establishing a UN presence in East Timor was an essential wedge, and conceded much to enable this. They allowed tens of thousands of Indonesian troops to remain in East Timor during the referendum, and gave exclusive responsibility for security to the Indonesian police. Indonesia, on the other hand, thought they could scare the people of East Timor into voting to be a province of Indonesia. The UN took one step to address the growing climate of fear – they proclaimed, with posters and banners, that “No matter what the outcome on 30 August , UNAMET will NOT leave after the consultation”. Adapted from an article published by the East Timor Action Network of the US, autumn 1999. Source B Indonesia finally agreed in 1999 to let the East Timorese choose between independence and local autonomy. Militia loyal to Indonesia, apparently assisted by the military, tried in vain to use terror to discourage a vote for independence. When the referendum showed overwhelming support for independence, the loyalists went on the rampage, murdering hundreds and reducing towns to ruins. An international peacekeeping forc e halted the mayhem and paved the way for a United Nations mission which helped East Timor back onto its feet. The rebuilding of East Timor has been one of the UN ’s biggest success stories. The UN Mission of Support in East Timor, UNMISET, wound up in May 2005. From an online article published by the BBC, August 2009. Source C East Timor has been on the UN's agenda for longer than many other trouble spots. It went onto the UN's decolonisation agenda in 1960 when the UN General Assembly included East Timor on its list of Portuguese overseas territories about which Portugal was obliged to supply information. Portugal was, at most, only a reluctant participant in this process as it resented international discussion of its imperial affairs. Following the 1975 Indonesian invasion, East Timor has appeared on the agenda of several other UN bodies. Rather like Portugal itself, the world's governments at the UN have wavered between a lukewarm interest in East Timor's fate and an indifference to it. Indonesia has played with a diverse range of cards: as a founder of the Non- Aligned Movement it has worked with some Third World

© Anderson Junior College 8814/9731/01 3 countries to get East Timor off the agenda. It has also exploited its relationships with the US, Japan and Australia for the same end. Adapted from an article by an Australian academic on East Timor, December 1995. Source D The Security Council, Commending the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) for the admirable courage and determination shown in the implementation of its mandate, Welcoming the deployment of a multinational force to East Timor pursuant to reso lution 1264 (1999), and recognis ing the importance of continued cooperation between the Government of Indonesia and the multinational force in this regard, Decides to establish, in accordance with the report of the Secretary -General, a United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), which will be endowed with overall responsibility for the administration of East Timor and will be empowered to exercise all legislative and executive authority, including the administration of justice; Decides also that the mandate of UNTAET shall consist of the following elements: (a) To provide security and maintain law and order throughout the territory of East Timor; (b) To establish an effective administration; (c) To assist in the development of civil and social services; (d) To ensure the coordination and delivery of humanitarian assistance, rehabilitation and development assistance; (e) To support capacity-building for self-government; (f) To assist in the establishment of conditions for sustainable development. Adapted from the UN Security Council Resolution 1272, 25 October 1999. Source E The UN did less well in the peace-building area of institution-building and governance-related tasks. Less successful areas of UNTAET include its efforts to provide law and order. The mandate was too broad, lacking both sufficient resources and experience. In retrospect it has been concluded that there was no dedicated focus on developing a sustainable legal and judicial system. The situation facing East Timor and UNTAET was not the most promising however; the status of the Timorese judicial system after Indonesia’s withdrawal was practically identified by its non-existence. The flaws in the judicial system are still prominent, and considered one of the major problems for East Timor’s future economic, social and political development. Establishing basic infrastructure of a functioning civil service was not prioritised, which undermined the efficiency and effectiveness of the post-independence public administration. Adapted from an academic paper on the UN’s record in East Timor, July 2007. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that t o a large extent, t he UN succeeded in resolving the East Timor issue in the period 1975-2000?

© Anderson Junior College 8814/9731/01 4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 “The USSR should not be held responsible for causing the Cold War because it pursued cooperation with the USA for as long as it could.” Discuss. 3 How far do you agree with the view that “the collapse of the USSR was fundamentally the result of the failure to contain nationalist pressures”? 4 To what extent was the growth of the global economy critically dependent on the economic strength of the USA in the period 1945 to 2000? 5 “Religious fundamentalism in South Asia owed its rise largely to existing strains of regional instability.” Discuss. 6 Critically examine the view that “the success or failure of resolving the Arab- Israeli Conflict ultimately hinges on the issue of territorial control”.