SAJC HIST P2

ST. ANDREW'S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 Preliminary Examinations HISTORY H2 9731/1 Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia, c. 1900-1997 Thursday 17 September 2009 3 hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper Cover Sheet TIME: 3 Hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES Begin each question on a separate piece of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together in order. DO NOT spend more than 45 minutes on any question. All questions on this paper carry equal marks of 25 marks each. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. This Question Paper consists of 4 printed pages including this one [ T u r n O v e r ]

Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN’s Cooperation 1. Read the sources, and t hen answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advis ed to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A In August 1988, Chatichai Cho onhaven assumed office as th e new prime minister of Thailand. Chatichai came to power declaring his intention of turning Indochina from a "battlefield to a trading market." Chaticha i represented emerging business interests and intellectual elites, both of whom strongly disagreed with Th ailand's established policy toward Vietnam. His New Look Diplomacy followe d from the idea that the situation in Indochina was radically differ ent in 1988 than it had been in 1978. During this period, Vietnam and Thailand began discussing numerous economic arrangements and formal treaties. The Thai military ov erthrew Chatichai in February 1991, but even this coup did not change the Thai government’s general tone towards Vietnam: the generals maintained most of the previous government’s Vietnam initiatives. A Canadian-based academic on ASEAN, 2002. Source B In the thirty six years since the foundi ng of ASEAN, Southeast Asia has witnessed phenomenal economic growth, so cial progress and cultural development. These things are undoubtedly the by-products of a peaceful and stable ASEAN Community. ASEAN cooperation has spread beyond the intergovernmental fram ework. In business, our entrepreneurs have gotten toget her to form many mechani sms, notably the ASEAN Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the ASEAN Petroleum Council. Address by Ong Keng Yong, Secretary-General of ASEAN, at the 6th Hitachi Young Leaders Initiative - Thailand, 9 December 2003. Source C But perhaps the clearest illustration of “str uctural empowerment” that Third World countries can achieve through bloc politics occurred in the late 1970s in the dispute between ASEAN and Australia ov er the latter’s new International Civil Aviation Policy (ICAP). The ICAP threatened to rest rict the ability of the ASEAN states’ airlines to pick up passengers in mid-route. Although the di spute was really between Singapore and Australia – the other airlines were still too small to be immediately affected – ASEAN viewed the ICAP dispute in the broader cont ext of developed countries changing the rules to the disadvantage of developing countries. Thus the other states rallied behind Singapore and negotiated as a bloc, eventually forcing Australia to back down. An academic in Southeast Asian studies, 1993.

Source D The ASEAN governments gave the highest priority to the Thai viewpoint, but differed among themselves regarding the approach that would be most likely to obtain Vietnamese participation in negotiations on the Cambodian problem. I ndonesia and Malaysia, for example, adopted a moderate attitude and hoped Thailand woul d likewise adopt a more flexible attitude toward Vietnam and the Cambodian problem. In a March 1980 meeting between the Indonesian President and the Mala ysian Prime Minister in Kuantan, both leaders expressed the view that Vietnam s hould be free from the influence of both the USSR and China, and that efforts should be made to w oo Vietnam away from its dependence on the Soviet Union. Further, Western industrial c ountries should assist the Indochina states in their economic reconstruc tion and development. It was also felt that ASEAN should recognize Vietnamese security concerns at the same time that ASEAN emphasized the need to alleviate pressure from Thailand. The Thai Prime Minister expressed unhappiness over the Indonesian-Malaysian statement. He visited Jakarta in Apr il 1980 and voiced uneasiness over the Kuantan declaration; in view of the Thai objection, Indonesia decided to play down the Kuantan declaration because continued adherence to it would only harm ASEAN unity. Further, the Vietnamese incursion of June 23 1980 unde rmined the Indonesian-Malaysian view concerning Vietnam’s peaceful intentions toward its neighbours. A Singaporean academic in Southeast Asian studies, 1982. Source E Even after agreement had been reached on the suit able industries, implementation of ASEAN Industrial Projects (AIP) proved diffi cult. The lengthy procedures for project approval affected viability as nationalist c oncerns ultimately s uperseded regional ones. Thailand was unable to site the soda-ash pr oject and withdrew from the scheme because of budgetary constraints. The Ph ilippines decided that it did not want the superphosphate industry and vacillated about what industry w ould be acceptable. The members decided that Singapore would benefit too much from the diesel-electric scheme. Of the five original schemes only the urea projects were impl emented. In 1981, ASEAN Industrial Joint Ventures (AIJV) were introduced. It allow ed schemes for participation by two member countries, a far more realistic practice than pan-ASEAN industrial linkages. From an article in a publication by the American Geographical Society, 1991. Now answer the following question. To what extent do Sources A – E show that “ASEAN saw that its interests lay in making cooperative effort”?

Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. How significant was the c ontribution of local culture and religion to Southeast Asian nationalism? 3. “Southeast Asian nationalists found the Japanese Occupation indispensable to their cause.” To what extent is this true? 4. To what extent could it be said that post-independence Southeast Asian governments were just “flirting with Democracy”? 5. How successful have Southeast Asian governments been in developing their countries, from their attainment of independence until 1997? 6. “Tensions between Southeast Asian stat es have been the legacy of colonialism.” Evaluate the truth of this statement. END