DHS H2 HIST P1

Name: Index Number: Class: DUNMAN HIGH SCHOOL Preliminary Examinations Year 6 H2 HISTORY 9752/01 Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945 – 2000) 11 September 2017 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Pape r READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. This document consists of 5 printed pages. [Turn over]

2 ©DHS 2017   Section A You must answer all questions from this section. THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1. Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A Of the original ideology, belief is maintained in th e basic badness of capitalism and the innate antagonism between capitalism and socialism. We have seen how deeply this has become imbedded in foundations of Soviet power. It means that there can never be on Moscow’s side any sincere assumption of a community of aims between the Soviet Union and powers which are regarded as capitalist. It must invariably be assumed in Moscow that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime and, therefore, to the interests of the peoples it controls. In these circumstances, it is clear that the main el ement of any United States’ policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. It must continue to regard the Soviet Unio n as a rival, not a partner, in the political arena. It must continue to expect that Soviet policies will reflect no real faith on the possibility of a permanent happy coexistence of the Socialist and capitalist worlds, but rather a cautious, persistent pressure toward the disruption and weakening of all rival influence and rival power. George Kennan in his article, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”, published on July 1947. Source B Stalin was fully prepared to use unconventional means to promote Soviet interests beyond the territories he ruled. Take what we now know to have been Stalin’s persistent belief, after 1945, of the possibility of an eventual war with capitalism involving the Soviet Uni on itself. This expectation kept Stalin from seeing what was really happening during the early postwar years: Soviet behavior in Eastern Europe and Germany was causing the West Europeans and the Americans to combine in a coalition directed against him. Stalin imagined one Europe while ensuring, through his actions, that a totally different one would actually evolve. This argument by no means absolves the United States and its allies of a considerable responsibility for how the Cold War was fought. The Marshall Plan incorporated the ideas of unrestricted trade and open markets within the framework of containment, so that it became a device for isolating the Soviet Union. The invitation to participate in the Marshall Plan was only symbolic. Other historians have added that the real crisis at the time was within an American economy that could hardly expect to function hegemonically if Europeans lacked the dollars to purchase its prod ucts. They suggest that the American empire had its own distinctive internal roots, and was not solely and simply a response to the Soviet external challenge. John Lewis Gaddis in his book, “We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History”, published 1997.

3 ©DHS 2017   Source C As the Red Army rolled through Eastern Europe from 1944 to 1945, Stalin could have instituted virtually any political system he wished in the countries of Eastern Europe. However, as long as the Eastern European governments proved to be “friendly”, Stalin was willing to refrain from overt manipulation. In the immediate post-war period of 1945 to 1946, the strongest hints of creeping Sovietization occurred in Romania and Poland due to its geostrategic significance. Sovietization measures however appeared less pronounced in countries such as Czechoslovakia. Thus, even before the overt push for Sovietization began with the foundation of the Cominform in September 1947, Stalin’s actions in Eastern Europe was not defined by a desire to spread communism, but rather by the security concerns of the government of Moscow. It was not until mid-1947, with the proclamation of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan that Stalin viewed this as a direct threat to Soviet power and influence in Europe. From an academic article, 1994. Source D A British cartoon, April 1949. [Turn over] Atlantic Pact Air Lift Berlin Blockade Eastern Bloc

4 ©DHS 2017   Source E The peoples of a number of countries of the world have recently had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will. The Government of the Unit ed States has made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation in violation of t he Yalta agreement in Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria. I must also state that in a number of other countries there have been similar developments. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a fr ee one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. Truman in a speech before Congress, 12 March 1947. Source F It would be incorrect to think that the Second World War arose accidentally or as a result of the fault of some of the statesmen. Although these faults did exist, the war arose in reality as the inevitable result of the world economic and political forces on the basis of monopoly capitalism. Our Marxists declare that the capitalist system of world economy conceals elements of crisis and war, that the development of world capitalism does not follow a steady and even course forward, but proceeds through crisis and catastrophes. In my opinion, everybody now recognize s that the war against fascism was not, nor could it be an accident in the life of the people; that the war turned into a war of the peoples for their existence; that precisely for this reason it could not be a speedy war. Now victory means, first of all, that our Soviet social system has won, that the Soviet social system has successfully stood the test in the fire of war and have proved its complete vitality. Stalin’s speech to an assembly of voters, 9 February 1946. Now answer the following questions. a. Compare and contrast Sources A and B on the historical debate over the origins of the Cold War.