NYJC 2021 JC2 Prelim H2 P1

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE Year Two Preliminary Exam 2021 HISTORY Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945 – 2000) No Additional Materials are required READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, hand in both sections separately. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 5 printed pages. [Turn over 9752/01 15 Sep 2021 3 hours

2 9752/01 H2 History JC2 Preliminary Examinations 2021 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1 Read the sources and then answer the questions which follow. Source A The USSR is in favour of all troops being withdrawn from foreign territories. However, the United States has its armed forces and armaments scattered throughout the world. US spokesmen are continually boasting that American planes can attack the Soviet Union at any time. Peace-loving states cannot fail to protest against the actions announced by the US President with regard to ships sailing towards Cuba on the high seas. The establishment of an actual blockade of Cuba by the United States is an unheard-of violation of international law. The arrogant actions of American imperialism could lead to consequences disastrous to all mankind. The Soviet Union calls on all Governments to raise their voices in protest against the aggressive actions of the United States, to denounce these actions, and to bar the way t o the unleashing of nuclear war by the US government. From a statement issued by the Soviet Government, 23 October 1962. Source B A political cartoon in The Guardian, a British newspaper during the Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962. [Turn over

3 9752/01 H2 History JC2 Preliminary Examinations 2021 Source C Kennedy, in keeping with his avowed aim to pursue a foreign policy characterized by “vigor,” had ordered the largest peacetime expansion of America’s military power, and specifically the colossal growth of its strategic nuclear forces. This included deploying, beginning in 1961, intermediate -range “Jupiter” nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey —adjacent to the Soviet Union. From there, the missiles could reach all of the western U.S.S.R., including Moscow and Leningrad. The Jupiter missiles were an exceptionally vexing component of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and they appeared to be weapons meant for a disarming first strike —and thus greatly undermined deterrence . The Jupiters’ destabilizing effect wa s widely recognized among defence experts within and outside the U.S. government and even by congressional leaders. Given all this, Moscow suspected that Washington viewed a nuclear first strike as an attractive option. They were right to be suspicious. The archives reveal that in fact the Kennedy administration had strongly considered this option during the Berlin crisis in 1961. An extract from “The Atlantic” magazine’s archives, Jan 2013. Source D Therefore, by July 1962, Cuba had the best equipped army in Latin America. Khrushchev was obviously prepa red to test the new president believing him to be inexperienced and weak. Cuba was only 90 miles from the coast of Florida meaning that the USA, including many of its biggest cities like Washington DC and New York, would be well within range of these missiles. The lives of 80 million Americans were at stake. So why did the USSR put nuclear missiles on Cuba? To close the missile gap, because of domestic politics and to protect Cuba. Taken from a BBC educational website, 2014. Source E Missiles in Cuba add to an already clear and present danger -- although it should be noted the nations of Latin America have never previously been subjected to a potential nuclear threat. But this secret, swift, extraordinary build -up of Communist missiles -- in an area we ll known to have a special and historical relationship to the United States and the nations of the Western Hemisphere, in violation of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of American and hemispheric policy -- this sudden, clandestine decision to station str ategic weapons for the first time outside of Soviet soil -- is a deliberately provocative and unjustified change in the status quo which cannot be accepted by this country, if our courage and our commitments are ever to be trusted again by either friend or foe. It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. Extracted from J. F. Kennedy’s Cuban Missile Crisis Address to the Nation, October 22, 1962. [Turn over

4 9752/01 H2 History JC2 Preliminary Examinations 2021 Source F Relations of sincere friendship based on equality, respect for sovereignty and economic co - operation were established between the Soviet Unio n and Cuba from the very first few days of her new life. We could not fail to stretch out the hand of assistance to the Cuban people, our brothers in toil, our class brothers. “We know”, said Comrade Fidel Castro, “that without the Soviet Union, without th e socialist camp, without their assistance, the victory of the revolution in such a small country as Cuba would have been impossible, in the view of the imperialist aggression.” The Soviet people are wholeheartedly helping the fraternal people of heroic C uba. The victory of the revolution in Cuba and her successes in building a new life caused an outburst of malice among the imperialist circles of the USA. Cuba is terrible to the imperialists because of her ideas. They do not want to reconcile themselves t o the idea that little Cuba dared to live and develop independently as her people wants to, and not in the way which would please the American monopolies. But the question of how people are to live, what road they are to take, is an internal matter for each people. Televised speech by Soviet leader Khrushchev, December 1962. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in sources A and B regarding USA’s role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. [10] (b) How far do sources A to F support the view that the USSR was responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis? [30] [Turn over

5 9752/01 H2 History JC2 Preliminary Examinations 2021 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 ‘It was the oil crises of the 1970s that posed the greatest threat to the global economy.’ Discuss this statement in relation to the period 1971-2000. [30] OR 3 Assess the view that th