EJC H2 Hist Prelim P1 Suggested Answers

EJC Section A The Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s a) Compare and contrast the evidence in Sources C and D on the progress made by the USA in the Vietnam War Similarity Similar in showing considerable extent of progress/success Reason for similarity Similar backdrop of rising anti-war sentiment arising, in 1967(Source D) after escalation and drafts, and in 1973 (Source E) after Pentagon Papers and criticisms against Nixon’s continuation of war despite promises to end it Difference Different in showing type of progress Reason for difference Different stages of the war – Johnson presiding over war escalation therefore need to show its policies were necessary and effective; Nixon presiding over negotiations + détente and Sino-US rapprochement that made peace more plausible b) How far do Sources A-F show that external powers were in control of developments in the Vietnam War during the 1960s-70s? Support Challenge Mixed A B F C E D F Americans putting up front of being in control of Vietnam developments through appearance of objectives being achieved by both Presidents Johnson and Nixon (Sources C and D) but evidently were on track of losing their ground in Vietnam from 1967 as reflected in the American media (Pentagon Papers and Cronkite comment on stalemate in Sources B and E) BUT greater agency than the Soviet Union in the negotiations (Sources D vs F) Soviet Union/China much less influential/direct in driving military course of the war, with Source A cartoon showing LBJ placing pieces but China/USSR via proxies; as well as peace negotiations – decision to end the war more in North Vietnam’s hands as revealed in archives Sources F.

Section B 2. Assess the significance of protectionism in the development of the global economy from 1945 to 2000. GA1: Protectionism tolerated by US of Japan and Europe -> contributed to GAC & Recovery of these economic giants – 40s-60s GA2: Protectionism -> Sealed the end of GAC -> US retaliated by Japan and Europe in late 70s-80s (#change) GA3: Protectionism -> Affected the 3rd world negatively -> Worsened effects of Debt Crisis & prevented them (Latin America) from recovering from Debt Crisis in the 1980s. GA4:Protectionism -> Helped US to recover from the strains of GAC by 1990s **GA5: Protectionsim -> Allowed for ISI for establishment of domestic industries for certain countries like Asian Tigers and SEA for NIEs to emerge in 70s – 80s (#Diversity) while Global Economy going through Crisis Decades 3. How far do you agree that the factors that started South Korea’s economic transformation were the same as those that maintained it? GA1-2: Same as those that maintained it: - Government - Culture - Chaebols GA3 – 4: Different from those that started: - Traditional-socio Culture / Political Culture (#change later) - External Circumstances (US/ Cold War -> Japan / Econ Developments #Change) - Chaebols (More influential than before #Change) Japanese (Colonial legacy -> Japanese powerhouse #Change) 4. “The effectiveness of the United Nations in maintaining international peace and security hinged on America’s political interests.” Assess the validity of this claim. Support: Effectiveness:  UNGA: Korean War and Resolution 377A  UNGA (+UNSG): Sovereignty and Independence Resolution 1514  UNSC: Gulf War Ineffectiveness:  UNGA (+ ICJ): USA marginalization with Kassebaum-Solomon Amendment  ICJ: Advisory on Namibia’s independence, Arbitration on Nicaragua  UNPKO: Somalia, Rwanda  UNSG: Vietnam War

Challenge: Effectiveness:  American altruism rather than American political interest o UNGA & UNPKO: Suez and UNEF I o UNPKO: Cambodia and East Timor  UNSG Competency rather than American political interest o Hammarskjold: Article 99 (Congo) Ineffectiveness:  Political will of other P5 members as well (e.g USSR/PRC veto) rather than American political interest o UNSC: Hungary, Berlin Blockade, Afghanistan, Vietnam-Cambodia  UNSG Competency/Diplomacy o U Thant: Suez, Vietnam o Boutros Ghali: Somalia  Complexity of Conflict o Middle-East conflicts o Congo Q5 – CLT topic – No suggested answer.