CJC_2020_H2_P2_Prelims

1 CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2020 H2 HISTORY 9752/02 Paper 2: Making of Independent Southeast Asia (Independence–2000) 15 SEPT 2020 No Additional Materials are required. 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. SECTION A This document consists of 5 printed pages including the cover page

2 You must answer Question 1. ASEAN IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD 1. Read the sources and then answer the questions which follow. Source A ASEAN did focus on the haze problem but the mechanisms established moved slowly, although the haze crisis in 1997 mobilised ASEAN to meet three times in the year. Indeed, the haze has posed a challenge to every aspect of ASEAN’s character. Mutual solidarity on t he part of governments and a preference for indirect diplomacy have collapsed in the face of the seriousness of the problem. Action plans and ministerial meetings did not prove effective, with the Indonesian government incapable of policing its own regulations. Despite the Indonesian government’s uneasy relationship with non-governmental organisations (NGOs), in desperation, Singapore and Malaysia directly provided information and resources to NGOs and sought assistance from international organisations . This was done in hope that the former would change conditions on the ground and the latter would provide the impetus to move opinion in Jakarta. Extracts from an article by an Australian academic, 1999. Source B In the 1997 haze crisis, ASEAN proved to be a reliable confidence -building process as well as a flexible regional entity for purposeful cooperation. Without ASEAN, those countries badly affected by the haze smoke must have been up in arms against Indonesia already. It would be impossible for these neighbours to accept, let alone understand, why the recurring illegal forest burning in Kalimantan and Sumatra could not be stopped. The “ASEAN way” in addressing the haze crisis was to help Indonesia cope, rather than to blame it for this massive an d highly complex problem. A new ministerial meeting on the haze was institutionalized in November 1997 and a great deal of resources have been marshaled to implement ASEAN’s regional haze action plan. A comment by a staff member of the ASEAN Secretariat, June 1999.

3 Source C We, the Foreign Ministers of the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; hereby 1. Emphasise the necessity to resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional issues pertaining to the South China Sea by peaceful means, without resort to force; 2. Urge all parties concerned to exercise restraint with the view to cre