RI 2020 H2 History Prelims Paper 1

© Raffles Institution 2020 1 [Turn over RAFFLES INSTITUTION PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2020 General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 HISTORY 9752/01 Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945-2000) September 2020 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your full name, class and index number on the answer booklet(s). Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. Use only the answer booklet provided and use both sides of the paper. This document consists of 5 printed pages, and 1 blank page.

© Raffles Institution 2020 2 [Turn over BLANK PAGE

© Raffles Institution 2020 3 [Turn over Section A You must answer Question 1. THE KOREAN WAR 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A In [South] Korea the Government forces, which were armed to prevent border raids and to preserve internal security, were attacked by invading forces from North Korea. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the 38th parallel... The Security Council called upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution. In these circumstances I have ordered United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support. The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and security... I have also directed that United States Forces in the Philippines be strengthened and that military assistance to the Philippine Government be accelerated. President Harry S. Truman in a press statement on the situation in Korea, 27 June 1950. Source B Kim, addressing the [Soviet advisers] in an excited manner, began to speak about how now, when China is completing its liberation, the liberation of the Korean people in the south of the country is next in line. In connection with this he said: “The people of the southern portion of Korea trust me and rely on our armed might... Lately I do not sleep at night, thinking about how to resolve the question of the unification of the whole country. If the matter of the liberation of the people of the southern portion of Korea and the unification of t he country is drawn out, then I [may] lose the trust of the people of Korea.” Further Kim stated that when he was in Moscow, Comrade Stalin said to him that it was not necessary to attack the south. I n case of an attack on the north of the country by the army of Rhee Syngman, then it is possible to go on the counteroffensive to the south of Korea. But since Rhee Syngman is still not instigating an attack, it means that the liberation of the people of the southern part of the country and the unification of the country are being drawn out, that he thinks that he needs again to visit Comrade Stalin and receive an order and permission for offensive action by the People’s Army… Further Kim said that he himself cannot begin an attack, because he is a communist, a disciplined person and for him the order of Comrade Stalin is law. A report from the Soviet Ambassador to North Korea to the Soviet Foreign Minister, 19 January 1950.

© Raffles Institution 2020 4 [Turn over Source C A cartoon titled ‘It is Now Apparent That North Korean Aggressors Have Available to Them Resources Far In Excess of Their Internal Capabilities – Gen. MacArthur's U.N. Report’ published in an American newspaper, 27 July 1950. Source D Previously, Chinese leaders had concentrated their attention on domestic matters, and the major tasks of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) had been to accelerate its entry into Tibet and prepare for the takeover of Taiwan. Chinese leaders, already regarded the United States as a major menace, but they did not believe that any American military threat was impending. At this time, both the Korean peninsula and Indochina were regions of tension. Of the two, China clearly saw the latter as more important. On the Korean peninsula, China hoped it would not have to intervene… Chinese leaders did not really focus on the Korean peninsula during the early stages of the war, immediately after June 25, 1950, because they saw it as a Soviet responsibility. An academic commenting on Chinese intervention in the Korean War in 2010.

© Raffles Institution 2020 5 [Turn over Source E As to Syngman Rhee and his recent provocative actions aimed at complicating the negotiations and at delaying the end of the war, we believe that it is not his independent policy …Due to the successful tactics of the Sino -Korean side all the obstacles to the conclusion of an armistice agreement have been removed. This put in a tight corner not only American foreign, but also domestic policy, since there is no more possibility to refer to aggravation of t he international situation, to the Korean War, etc. Under the new circumstances the US ruling circles face serious political difficulties in sustaining the atmosphere of military hysteria, high military appropriations, etc. Therefore American ruling circles are taking advantage of Syngman Rhee and the noise around him in order to maintain in the US (and not only in the US) the unstable semi -military political atmosphere and to delay, in one way or another, the conclusion of an armistice. A telegram from the Soviet Foreign Minister to the Soviet Ambassador in Beijing, 4 July 1953. Source F Of course, I took into account also [the possibility] that the USA, despite its unreadiness for a big war, could still be drawn into a big war out of [considerations of] prestige, which, in turn, would drag China into the war, and along with this draw into the war the USSR, which is bound with China by the Mutual Assistance Pact. Should we fear this? In my opinion, we should not, because together we will be stronger than the USA and England, while the other European capitalist states (with the exception of Germany which is unable to provide any assistance to the United States now) do not present serious military forces. If a war is inevitable, then let it be waged now, and not in a few years when Japanese militarism will be restored as an ally of the USA and when the USA and Japan will have a ready-made bridgehead on the continent in a form of the entire Korea run by Syngman Rhee. A letter from Stalin to Mao Zedong, 5 October 1950. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources A and B on North Korea’s responsibility for the Korean War. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-F support the assertion that the Korean War was a superpower conflict? [30]

© Raffles Institution 2020 6 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 How far do you agree with the view that the reasons for the problems in the global economy from 1973 can be found in the earlier decades? [30] OR 3 Assess the reasons for the economic growth in South Korea between 1970 and 1990. [30] AND EITHER 4 To what extent do you agree that the failure of the United Nations in upholding international peace and security between 1956 and 1985 was due to the interference of the United States? [30] OR 5 Discuss the view that the United Nations was ineffective in reforming itself between 1956 and 2000. [30]