JJC H2 HIST P1

[Turn over HISTORY Higher 2 9752/01 Paper 1: Shaping the International Order, 1945 – 2000 24 August 2018 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Section A You must answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. This document consists of 5 printed pages. JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2018

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. SUPERPOWER RELATIONS IN THE LATE 1940s AND 1950s 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A A cartoon published in 1947. It depicts a figure labelled ‘UNITED NATIONS’ trying to lift ‘THE IRON CURTAIN’ while ‘USA’, ‘FRANCE’ AND ‘BRITAIN’ looks on.

[Turn over 3 Source B At this critical time, I am glad to say that our country is in a healthy condition. Our democratic institutions are sound. We had hoped that the Soviet Union, with its security assured by the Charter of the United Nations, would be willing to live and let live. But I am sorry to say that has not been the case. The present rulers of the Soviet Union have shown that they are willing to use this power to win domination over the world. This country has a realistic program for meeting this challenge. First, we extend effective economic assistance. In Europe the Marshall Plan has had an electrifying result. The countries which have received Marshall aid have been able to expand their productive strength to levels higher than ever before in their history. Second, we shall continue our military assistance to countries which want to defend themselves. The defense of Europe is the basis for the defense of the whole free world-- ourselves included. We will fight, to keep our freedom and to prevent justice from being destroyed. \We will pursue this cause with determination, as king divine guidance that in all we do we may follow God’s will. Extracted from Truman’s Address to Congress and the American nation, 8 January 1951. Source C Our visit to the U.S. coincides with an important event: the world’s first space rocket has been successfully sent to the moon by Soviet people. Why were the Soviet people the first in the world to send a rocket to the moon? This triumph became possible because these same Soviet people had with their own hands, built a Socialist society and are confidently building Communism. [Sometimes], you expect a daughter, but your wife gives birth to a son, or while you expect a granddaughter, a grandson is born. You are disappointed, but it cannot be helped. A new social system, the Socialist system, is being born now. At first Socialism won in one country, Russia; now it has triumphed in many countries of Europe and Asia. You may not accept this system, but there is nothing you can do about it. We have all we need for the expansion of our economy and do not covet the riches of other countries. Today, we are successfully building Communism. We consider Communism to be the best system for us and for many other people in the world who have taken the path of Socialist development. We do not ask for your approval; what we want is not to be interfered with. It is my hope that the U.S. media will convey our friendly greetings to all Americans from all the Soviet people, from myself, and from those accompanying me. Nikita Khrushchev, in a speech during a visit to the USA, September 1959. Source D The period 1945–1961 was marked by pessimistic assessment of overwhelming Soviet military strength. The NATO-Warsaw Pact conventional balance sheet throughout this period was seen as continually grim for the West. The figure of 175 active Soviet divisions was commonly cited in Western reports – furthermore, these divisions were to be fully armed, combat ready and could readily win military battles. The USA believed that the USSR’s intentions were expansionist, and were prepared to use its military strength to achieve world domination. However, despite these pessimistic interpretations, Western leaders were not greatly concerned as US nuclear superiority counterbalanced this deficiency in terms of conventional weapons. Extracted from a historian’s study of the superpowers military strength, published in 1989.

4 Source E Truman ran for re-election against Congress’ wishes; the same Congress that had given him the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan and all that ensured the landmark achievements of his first administration, his first term. Nobody thought that he would win but he pulled it off, and he very well deserved it. Truman was an extremely thoughtful, keenly intelligent, well read, sensitive, peacemaking kind of person, in fact and in reality. These traits certainly showed up in his foreign policy dealings. There was this unwillingness, this reluctance to let us know the full story; that there was more than met the eye. And certainly, Stalin and Soviet officials recognized this on many occasions, where Truman would often outsmart them. The US managed to preserve Western strength against an increasingly hostile and powerful USSR. Extracted from an interview with David McCullogh, an American historian in 1992. Source F Truman's changed the American stance in international affairs from abstention to participation, a decision that reversed the long-st anding policy advocated by George Washington. This reversal established Truman's reputation as one of the nation's greatest presidents. Nonetheless, confusion often reigned. In the mids t of the administration's several measures, the Soviets began the land blockade of the western sect ors of Berlin and an airlift became necessary from June 1948 until September 1949. Critics have maintained that Europe could have righted itself without Truman's measures, which, they have said, ensured a permanent Cold War. Signs of Soviet weakness, economic and m ilitary, were visible and often re marked upon. Pr esident Truman nonetheless pushed through the three major parts of his program—the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO – to protect the West. For a man whose political experience lay almost entirely in domestic issues, it was an extraordinary personal, as well as public, triumph. Extracted from a website published in 2014. . Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast Sources B and C as evi dence regarding the motivations of the Soviet U n i o n . [ 1 0 ] (b) How far do Source A–F demonstrate that in the late 1940s and 1950s, the Soviet Union held the upper hand in the Cold War? [30]

5 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2. Assess the strength of the global economy between 1945 and 1973. [30] OR 3. ‘The international climate of the Cold War was the most essential reason behind South Korea’s economic transformation between 1970 and 1990’. How far do you agree? [30] AND EITHER 4. Did the United States of America help or hinder the work of the United Nations between 1945 and 2000? [30] OR 5. In which area did the United Nations achieve more success between 1945 to 2000: international l a w o r r e f o r m s ? [ 3 0 ]