SRJC H2 HIST 9752 P1

This document consists of 5 printed pages and 3 blank pages. © Serangoon Junior College 2018 [Turn over SERANGOON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2018 Higher 2 HISTORY 9752/01 Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945-2000) Wednesday, 12 September 2018 3 hours Additional Materials: Cover Page Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics tutorial group in the spaces provided on the cover page and on every sheet of answer paper. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Write clearly the question numbers on the first page of every question attempted and the cover page. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid and tape. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear handwriting in your answer, and to leave two lines between each paragraph on the answer paper.

© Serangoon Junior College 2018 9752/01 2018 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE EMERGENCE OF BIPOLARITY IN EUROPE 1 Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A There isn’t a doubt in my mind that Russia intends an invasion of Turkey and the seizure of the Black Sea Straits to the Mediterranean. Unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language, another war is in the making. Only one language do they understand – “How many divisions have you?” I do not think we should play compromise any longer. We should refuse to recognise Rumania and Bulgaria until they comply with our requirements... Then we should insist on the return of our ships from Russia and force a settlement of the Lend-Lease Debt of Russia. I’m tired of babying the Soviets. Harry Truman, in a letter to the US Secretary of State James Byrnes, January 5, 1946. Source B The Germans launched the invasion of the USSR through Finland, Poland, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The Germans were able to launch the invasion through these countries because in these countries there were then governments that were hostile to the USSR. Needless to say, the Soviet Union lost several times more people than England and the United States of America put together. Possibly there is an inclination in some places to consign to oblivion these colossal sacrifices of the Soviet people, which secured the liberation of Europe from the Hitler yoke. But the Soviet Union cannot forget them. It may be asked what can be surprising about the Soviet Union wanting security in the future, about its attempts to see to it that in these countries there are governments that have loyal relations with the Soviet Union? Is it possible, without taking leave of one’s senses, to characterise these peaceful efforts of the Soviet Union as expansionist tendencies of our state? Josef Stalin, speaking to the Pravda in response to Winston Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech, March 1946. Source C The Soviet Union and its agents have destroyed the independence and democratic character of a whole series of nations in Eastern and Central Europe. It is this ruthless course of action, and the clear design to extend it to the remaining nations of Europe, that have brought about the critical situation in Europe today. The tragic death of the Republic of Czechoslovakia has sent a shock wave through the civilised world. There are times in world history when it is far wiser to act than to hesitate. There is some risk involved in action – there always is. But there is far more risk in failure to act. Harry Truman, addressing the US Congress during the debate on the European Recovery Act, March 1948.

© Serangoon Junior College 2018 9752/01 2018 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION [Turn over 3 Source D A cartoon published in a British newspaper in June 1948. *Tito was the socialist leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 until his death in 1980. Source E Of course it was taken very seriously. I should say there were conflicting feelings. Molotov was willing to agree to discuss the question. He understood the Soviet Union needed help. In his reply he noted that reconstruction was everyone’s main aim, and the United States’ offer of help should be welcomed. Stalin, with his suspicious nature, didn’t like it. ‘This is a ploy by Truman. They don’t want to help us. What they want is to infiltrate European countries,’ he said. But Molotov insisted on his view and went to the Paris conference in 1947. Stalin, meanwhile, received information that the Americans did not want us to take part. Stalin became even more suspicious and moved to stop the countries friendly to us taking part. The Czechs planned to go to the conference, so Stalin summoned their leaders to Moscow. Very severe pressure was put on them. The Soviet Union and the socialist- orientated countries stayed away from Paris. T he US never really wanted the Soviet Union and its satellites to benefit from Marshall Aid. Vladimir Yerofeyev, a senior official in the Soviet Foreign Ministry at the time of Marshall Aid, speaking in an interview in the late 1990s.

© Serangoon Junior College 2018 9752/01 2018 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 4 Source F The greater strength of the US political and economic system, compared with that of the USSR, gave Washington greater opportunities to change the post-war world. Had they so desired, the Americans could have recognised the Soviet sphere of influence in eastern and south-eastern Europe, drawn the Soviets into joint control of atomic weapons, and contributed to the reconstruction of the Soviet economy. American decision makers misread Soviet security interests in eastern and south-eastern Europe as proof of Soviet expansionism and refused to cooperate. This, in turn, led the Soviets to see US policy as aggressive capitalist expansionism and to harden their own attitude in their own sphere of influence. A vicious circle thus came into being and it could not be broken after 1945. A historian, specialising in the history of the origins of the Cold War, writing in 2008. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources D and E of the Soviet and Eastern European views of Marshall Aid. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-F support the assertion that the USSR was primarily to blame for the emergence of bipolarity in Europe? [30]

© Serangoon Junior College 2018 9752/01 2018 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION [Turn over 5 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 ‘The United States was the key actor in the global economy of 1945-2000, despite the rise of Western Europe and Japan’. How far do you agree? [30] OR 3 To what extent can the transformation of the South Korean and Taiwanese economies in the 1970s and 1980s be explained by international developments? [30] AND EITHER 4 Assess the view that ‘the end of the Cold War fundamentally changed the role of the Secretary- General in UN decision-making on international peace and security’. [30] OR 5 Was the success of peacekeeping in safeguarding international peace and security from 1945 to 2000 determined more by the great powers or by the UN principal organs? [30] End of Paper

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