PJC H2 HIST P2

Candidate's Name: __________________________ CT Group: _________ PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE H2 HISTORY JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2018 H2 9752/2: The Making of Independent Southeast Asia (Independence to 2000) DATE: 19/09/2018 (WED) TIME: 0800–1100 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. Start each answer on a new piece of paper. Write in dark blue or black ink. If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. Information to candidates: You are reminded of the need for grammatically correct English and clear presentation in your answers. For official use Question No. Full Marks Marks Obtained 1 (a) /10 1 (b) /30 /30 /30 TOTAL: 100

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. MYANMAR’S MEMBERSHIP IN ASEAN 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A The most troublesome problem is Myanmar’s admission into ASEAN as it places ASEAN in the undesirable posit ion of being an international advocate for State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)* and a defender of human rights violations. SLORC was using ASEAN to protect its own position internationally and to deflect pressure from the West, especially in th e context of their recent crackdown on democratic movements. ASEAN accordingly in sisted that the issue was an internal one and that the principle of non-interference in the dom estic affairs of member countries applied. Aung San Suu Kyi asked ASEAN to consider economic sanctions against SLORC, a demand that was supported by Western delegations at the ASEAN Regional Forum. ASEAN was warned that ties with the European Union could be undermined by its support for SLORC. *SLORC was the official name of the military r egime that governed Burma (Myanmar) in the aftermath of the 8888 Uprising. Adapted from an article by an academic, ASEAN’s New Challenges, 1997. Source B This Summit is taking place at a ti me when our region is facing unprecedented challenges. One of t hem is the strengt hening of ASEAN unity. In an organisation composed of 9 nations, and hopefu lly soon to be 10, it is nat ural that while we enjoy many similarities, there are also differenc es in levels of development and outlooks. However, there are some people, particu larly from outside the region, who are criticising ASEAN values and the ASEAN way of life. But these people are wrong. Some nations may be readjusting politica lly, economically and socially to new circumstances and conditions, but all ASEAN members remain united in the commitment to ASEAN ideals for regional integration. The ASEAN way of seeking consensus continues to be valid today. By pursuing quiet diplomacy and enhanced positive interaction, we shall surely be ab le to overcome the pessimists and build an ASEAN worthy of taking its rightful place in the international community. Opening remark by Senior General Than Shwe, Prime Minister of Myanmar, at the 6th ASEAN Summit, December 1998.

3 Source C The Foreign Ministers welcomed warmly the admission of Laos and Myanmar into ASEAN. They expressed satisfaction that the admission of Laos and Myanmar, on the 30th Anniversary of ASEAN, had advanced the vision of the Founding Fathers to build a united community of the Southeast Asi an Nations. The Foreign Ministers recalled the decision taken by ASEAN Heads of St ate/Government at the 5th Summit in Bangkok in December 1995 to admit Cambodia into ASEAN and underlined their conviction that the admission of Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar would serve the long term interest of regional peace, stability and prosperity. They agreed that a firm foundation for common action to promote regi onal cooperation in Southeast Asia is being accomplished. From the Joint Communique of the 30th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, July 1997. Source D The Myanmar issue has already shaken up the Southeast Asian grouping, which has been criticised in the past for its policy of not interfering in the internal affairs of member states. ASEAN appeared to break with this tradition during its annual ministerial meeting in Cambodia last month, demanding the Nobel peace laureate’s release. Mahathir said, “We have already informed them that we are very disappointed with the turn of events and we hope that Aung Sa n Suu Kyi will be re leased as soon as possible… We are very disappointed over these things and of course, we have done our very best to try and get them to change t heir minds but if they are willing to defy the world, then what can Malaysia do? We don’t criticise member states unless what one state does embarrasses us, causes a pr oblem for us. We are thinking about ourselves as ASEAN, we are not criticising Myanmar for doi ng what is not related to us, but what they have done has affected us, our credibility. Because of that, we have voiced our views.” Mahathir Mohammed, Prime Minister of Malaysia, speaking to journalists from Agence France-Presse, 20 July 2003.

4 Source E The enlargement of ASEAN sought to seek and develop new markets within Southeast Asia with the intention of enhancing the international compet itiveness of ASEAN against rival closed trading blocs like the Eu ropean Union. It was believed that the expansion of ASEAN to in clude Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Burma would be an economic boon as it greatly increases the population of ASEAN, allowing for a larger consumer base that will a ttract international invest ments and increase intra-ASEAN trade. Burma’s entry is of particular interest as she has an abundance of inexpensive natural resources coveted by ASEAN mem bers, including lumber, natural gas and minerals. As Southeast Asia’s forests ar e systematically exploited and despoiled, Burma’s still large reserves of tropical hardwoods have become a magnet for regional and foreign investment. Many foreign invest ments in Burma’s forestry industry are from companies in ASEAN. ASEAN’s inclusion of Burma will prove to be economically beneficial to both Burma and ASEAN. From an academic article, 1999. Source F A cartoon from a newspaper by Burmese exiles, 1993.

5 Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources A and B on the effectiveness of the ASEAN Way in ASEAN’s handling of Myanmar. [10] (b) ‘Myanmar’s admission into ASEAN strengthened the regional organisation.’ How far do Sources A to F support this assertion? [30] Section B You must answer two questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. EITHER 2 How important was the proc ess of decolonisation in s haping the way that post- independent Southeast Asian countries were governed? [30] OR 3 Assess the view that the successful in tegration of minorities into the newly- independent Southeast Asian states was an unrealistic goal. [30] AND EITHER 4 How far do you agree with the view that go vernments play a positive role in the economic development of Southeast Asian states? [30] OR 5 ‘The severity of the 1997 Asian Financia l Crisis was exaggerated.’ Discuss with reference to the Southeast Asian states. [30] ---THE END--- This document consists of 5 printed pages.

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7 Suggested Answer Guide SOURCE-BASED STUDY MYANMAR