SAJC H2 HIST 9752-02 P2 QP

©SAJC 2018 9752/02/18/Prelims ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examinations General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 HISTORY Paper 2 The Making of Independent Southeast Asia (Independence-2000) 9752/02 14 Sep 2018 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry marks indicated in the brackets [ ]. _________________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages. [Turn over

2 ©SAJC 2018 9752/02/18/Prelims Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION Source A ASEAN failed to deal effectively with the Asian Financial Crisis. ASEAN also failed to manage other regional issues that arose during the course of the crisis. These failures have cast doubt on ASEAN’s ability to respond to new regional imperatives. The divergent economic policies and different levels of development of the ASEAN states prevent the organization from taking a coherent and coordinated position on regional financial reform. The problems inherent in creating a regional financial regime are presently too great for Asian states to overcome. The new ASEAN member states, were also dramatically affected by the crisis. Faced with the severity of the crisis, the new ASEAN member states pulled back from economic liberalization. Vietnam delayed efforts to liberalize state-owned industry; in Laos conservative leaders seeking to reduce the pace of reform were greatly strengthened in post-crisis elections. These developments emphasize the gr owing two-tier structure within ASEAN between the old and new members. From an academic book, 2002. Source B Instead of backtracking from their *CEPT-AFTA commitments during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, the ASEAN Leaders felt that the only way to cushion the impact of the crisis and speed up the region’s recovery was to reduce reliance on global demand and increase intra-regional trade. Thus, the end-date for the actualization of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) was further accelerated from 2003 to 2002. The implementation of the CEPT Scheme was a challenge in itself as the original ASEAN members differed in their levels of econom ic development. There was the institutional challenge of ASEAN’s expansion. Mid-way through the implementation of the AFTA, Viet Nam, Lao PDR and Myanmar, and Cambodia were adm itted into ASEAN. These countries have different political and economic systems. They ar e economies in transition and their levels of development are significantly lower than that of the original members. Allow me to conclude by saying that ASEAN, despite the diversity among its members, had withstood and continue to withstand the challenges – both global and regional – because they share one common vision and cohesively they move towards this vision. Excerpts from the Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN’s speech at a large-scale business conference, 2003. *CEPT stands for the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme.

3 ©SAJC 2018 9752/02/18/Prelims Source C To further stimulate intra-ASEAN trade within the existing framework, we can do more to make deeper tariff cuts, expand trade liberalisation for products on a sectoral basis, and review the exclusion lists. We must be careful not to follow the paths of governments which resorted to protectionism to solve their immediate problems. We must, with true ASEAN solidarity, continue to commit ourselves to the principles of free trade and work against economic policies which will in the long run, undermine our own prosperity. From a speech by then Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew at the opening of the Meeting of ASEAN Economic Ministers, November 1982. Source D The results from the early economic cooperation initiatives of the late 1970s and the 1980s have been largely disappointing. The utilization rates and contribution to intra-ASEAN trade of these regional economic policies had been neg ligible. The ASEAN countries with large domestic markets followed largely inward looking and protectionist trade and industrial policies during the 1970s and early 1980s. This was especially the case for Indonesia and the Philippines and, to a lesser extent, Thailand. Because the trade policy regimes were protectionist, commitments to and certainly implementation of regional economic integration initiatives were half-hearted. From an academic journal, 2012. Source E Growth of ASEAN Export to ASEAN members and to the world, 1989-2003 (Amount quoted are in US$ billions) 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 Indonesia ASEAN-5 2.39 4.33 6.04 8.72 9.02 The world 22.02 33.96 45.41 48.84 56.31 Malaysia ASEAN-5 6.3 11.85 19.53 16.91 21.12 The world 25.04 40.76 73.77 73.25 88.0 Philippines ASEAN-5 0.53 0.51 2.23 3.71 4.9 The world 7.82 9.82 17.44 29.49 32.14 Singapore ASEAN-5 9.24 12.70 31.43 23.41 29.49 The world 44.8 63.46 118.26 109.9 121.75 Thailand ASEAN-5 2.27 4.10 10.69 8.25 10.53 The world 20.05 32.47 56.43 53.58 65.11 ASEAN-5 ASEAN-5 20.74 33.51 69.95 61.03 75.08 The world 119.64 180.49 311.34 315.08 363.33 Figures from a regional think-tank working with the United Nations, 2006.

4 ©SAJC 2018 9752/02/18/Prelims Source F 5. In the field of economic cooperation, we have agreed that: - ASEAN shall establish the ASEAN Free Trade Area using the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme as the main mechanism within a time frame of 15 years beginning 1 January 1993 with the ultimate effective tariffs ranging from 0% to 5%. ASEAN member states have identified the fo llowing fifteen groups of products to be included in the CEPT Scheme for accelerated tariff reductions: vegetable oils, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fertiliser, plastics, rubber products, leather products, pulp, textiles, ceramic and glass products, gems and jewellery, copper cathodes, electronics, wooden and rattan furniture; - ASEAN shall adopt joint efforts to strengthen trade promotion and negotiations on ASEAN agricultural products in order to enhance ASEAN’s competitive posture, and to sustain the expansion of ASEAN agricultural exports in the international markets; - ASEAN acknowledges that sub-regional arrangements among themselves, or between ASEAN member states and non-ASEAN econom ies could complement overall ASEAN economic cooperation Excerpts from ASEAN’s Singapore Declaration, 28 January 1992. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided by Sources A and B on the issue of diversity among the economies of ASEAN’s member states. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-F agree with the view that success was elusive in ASEAN’s pursuit of greater regional economic cooperation? [30]

5 ©SAJC 2018 9752/02/18/Prelims Section B You must answer two question from this section. You must support your answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. EITHER 2 To what extent was the use of force necessary for maintaining political stability in post- independence Southeast Asian states? [30] OR 3 ‘Education alone was vital for fostering national unity.’ Discuss this statement with reference to post-independence Southeast Asian states. [30] AND EITHER 4 How far do you agree that industrialisation was key to the economic success of post- inde