NYJC H2 HIST 9752 P1

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE Year Two Preliminary Examination 2018 HISTORY Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945 – 2000) No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 5 printed pages. [Turn over 9752/01 12 SEP 2018 3 hours

2 9752/01 H2 History Preliminary Examination 2018 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE END OF THE COLD WAR 1. Read the sources and then answer the questions which follow. Source A We are now living in a new world. And end has been put to the Cold War and to the arms race, as well as to the mad militarization of the country, which has crippled our economy, public attitudes and morals. The threat of nuclear war has been removed. Once again I would like to stress that during this transitional period, I did everything that needed to be done to ensure that there was reliable control of nuclear weapons. We opened up ourselves to the rest of the world, abandoned the practices of interfering in others’ internal affairs and using troops outside this country. We have become one of the key strongholds in te rms of restructuring modern civilization on a peaceful democratic basis. The nations of peoples of this country have acquired the right to freely choose their format for self-determination. Extracted from Gorbachev’s farewell address to the Soviet Union, December 1991. Source B “Actually found a use for these after all…” Political cartoon by a Canadian artist, published 2014. [Turn over

3 9752/01 H2 History Preliminary Examination 2018 Source C Question: Have you succeeded in deepening that mutual understanding in the course of today's meeting? President Bush: I think clearly there has been a developing mutual understanding over the years. I'm convinced that our meeting in the United States, at Camp David particularly, furthered that understanding. I think the world sees clearly that if this had occurred 20 years ago, there wouldn't have been this cooperative feeling at the United Nations. And I think it's very important. Neither of us, when we talk, try to hide our differences. Neither of us try to indicate that we look at exactly every problem exactly the same wa y. But the very fact we can talk with that degree of frankness without rancor, I think, enhances mutual understanding. But differences still remain. The common ground, in my view at least, surges ahead of these differences and we will continue to cooperate with President Gorbachev. Extracted from a Joint News Conference between President Bush and General – Secretary Gorbachev after the Helsinki Summit, September 1990. Source D BBC: Prime Minister, after meeting Mr. Gorbachev, are you more or less optimistic about detente and world peace in 1985? Thatcher: I am cautiously optimistic. I like Mr. Gorbachev. We can do business together. We both believe in our own political systems. He firmly believes in his; I firmly believe in mine. We are never going to change one another. We have two great interests in common: that we should both do everything we can to see that war never starts again, and therefore we go into the disarmament talks determined to make them succeed. And secondly, I think we both believe that they are the more likely to succeed if we can build up confidence in one another and trust in one another about each other's approach, and therefore, we believe in cooperating on trade matters and on cultural matters. BBC: Did you form any impression about Gorbachev personally? Thatcher: Gorbachev was very ready to enter into full, detailed discussion; not to stick to prepared statements. So we had a genuine discussion. As a matter of fact, I also had a genuine discussion with Mr. Chernenko, President Chernenko, when I visited Moscow in February last year, and I also got on very well with President Chernenko. Extracted from an interview between British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British Broadcasting Corporation, Dec 1984. [Turn over

4 9752/01 H2 History Preliminary Examination 2018 Source E The spontaneous outbreak of citizen diplomacy also touched Eastern Europe, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and East Germany. Even before Reagan was elected, the labor union Solidarity had already begun its astonishing and formidable challenge in Poland, a revolt not just of the unions but of civil society and clerics, which served as a touchstone for the remainder of the decade. Political dissent was rife in the other “captive” nations and was championed more and more by dissidents in the West. From an early stage of the anti- nuclear protests, efforts were mounted to connect to the human rights activists in the Warsaw Pact countries, and another unlikely alliance was forged, one that saw the nuclear madness and repression as part of the same loathsome superpower manipulation. Extracted from an American newspaper, in commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, October 1999. Source F Between 1981 and 1983, the Reagan administration adopted a hawkish posture toward the Soviet Union. During these early years, the president repeatedly denounced the Soviet Union. “The West won’t contain communism, it will transcend communism” Reagan vowed in 1981. Reagan charged that the Soviet Union had been engaging in the “greatest military buildup in the history of man”. Reagan also introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative. Both Reagan and Gorbachev sought to eliminate nuclear weapons. In Reagan’s view, the Cold War was built upon a foundation of mistrust. If the mistrust could be resolved, other disputes can be resolved as well. “We don’t mistrust each other because we’re armed,” Reagan was fond of saying; “We’re armed because we mistrust each other.” Reagan then sought to rebuild trust with Gorbachev by making progress in areas other than arms control. Extracted from a book published by an American academic, 2010. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast sources C and D on the nature of the discussions between Gorbachev and his counterparts. [10] (b) How far do sources A – F support the assertion that it was Gorbachev who ended the C o l d W a r ? [ 3 0 ] [Turn over

5 9752/01 H2 History Preliminary Examination 2018 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2. To what extent was the Golden Age of Capita lism a result of American actions? Discuss this with reference to events between 1945 and 1973. [30] OR 3. ‘The private busines