AJC H2 HIST P2 QP

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and PDG on all the work you hand in, including this cover sheet. Write in dark blue or black pen. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. Section A Answer Question 1(a) and 1(b). Section B Answer two questions. Write the question number of the questions attempted on this cover page. At the end of the examination, fasten the answer to each question separately, with this cover sheet attached on top of your answer to Question 1(a). You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Name : __________________________________ PDG : __________________________________ This document consists of 6 printed pages, including this page. ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2018 Higher 2 HISTORY Paper 2 The Making of Independent Southeast Asia (Independence-2000) No Additional Materials are required. 9752/02 Fri 14 September 2018 3 hours Question No. Marks Section A 1 (a) /10 1 (b) /30 Section B /30 /30 Total Marks: /100

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3 © Anderson Junior College 9752/02 Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN’S ROLE IN REGIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A ASEAN’s ability to manage regional security in Southeast Asia has been, and is, limited by two factors - one, the interests and actions of the great powe rs; and two, divergent security perceptions and interests within ASEAN. During the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia, disagreements over security perceptions created internal tensions , and it became clear that ASEAN was largely dependent on external support in order to be an effective regional actor. ASEAN significantly improved its international relationships, but th e member states’ commitment to ASEAN remained limited by a narrow understanding of their self-interests, even in the post-Cold War period. This can undermine ASEAN’s unity and ability to function effectively. ASEAN’s present efforts to incorporate the new members may exacerbate this problem. A journal article written by a Canadian academic, 1998. Source B Interviewer: What is ASEAN’s most important achievement since its establishment? Secretary-General: Today, tensions between Southe ast Asian countries may occasionally surface. Some issues between them remain unresolved. But no conflict has erupted between ASEAN members. The long period of peace and stability in Southeast Asia made possible the three decades of unprecedented economic and social progress in the region, unprecedented in Southeast Asia and unprecedented in the developing world. The main reason for ASEAN’s enduring strength has been the stake that each member has in the viability of the association. This stake goes beyo nd the results of the economic and other forms of cooperation that ASEAN has been undertaking over the past three decades. ASEAN is more than an association of states. It is also a process, a spirit, a state of mind. Remarks made by the Secretary-General of ASEAN in an interview with a Filipino magazine, 1999.

4 © Anderson Junior College 9752/02 Source C The meeting warmly welcomed the signing of th e Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam. In order to ensure durable peac e, the meeting urged the parties to the conflict, including North Vietnam and South Vietnam, to agree as quickly as possible to cease-fires and to honour strictly the terms and spirit of the Ag reement. The meeting was conscious that many problems remained and recognised the need to continue the search for peaceful solutions. The meeting also acknowledged that all nations should follow a policy of peace and friendship with all countries irrespective of their political ideolo gy. The sense of identity and regional cohesion engendered through ASEAN cooperation could be the foundation on which Southeast Asian countries could secure regional peace and their own well-being. It was therefore desirable to expand ASEAN’s membership to cover all the countries in Southeast Asia and agreed that the trend of developments gave cause for encouragement that this may soon be achieved. From a joint press statement issued after an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting, 1973. Source D Now with the absence of an immediate problem with Vietnam, the notion of the ‘Chinese threat’ has come alive again in Southeast Asia. With th e revival of the ‘Chinese threat’, Vietnam has emerged as a new card for ASEAN to play against Beijing. To diplomats and political analysts within ASEAN, the inclusion of Vietnam in the ASEAN fold would give some confidence to the non- communist Southeast Asia grouping in its dealings with China. Vietnam ha s been the only country in the region which has stood up to China, havi ng clashed with the Communist giant in a major border war in February 1979. From an article published in The Straits Times, July 1992. Source E ASEAN members can no longer afford to adopt a non-committal stance and avoid passing judgement on events in a member country, simply on the grounds of ‘non-interference’. To be sure, ASEAN’s respect for the sovereignty of fellow members is one reason why the grouping has enjoyed such longevity. However, if domestic events in on e member’s territory nega tively affect another member’s internal affairs, not to mention regional peace and prosperity, much can be said in favour of ASEAN members playing a more proactive role. Consequently, it is obvious that ASEAN countries have an overriding interest in the internal affa irs of its fellow members a nd may, on occasion, find it necessary to recommend a certain course of action on specific issues that affect us all. Or, to be explicit, we may need to make intra-ASEAN relations more dyna mic, more engaged, and more ‘constructive’ than before. Speech by Thai Foreign Minister, Surin Pitsuwan, at a forum involving media representatives from the Asia-Pacific Region, June 1998.

5 © Anderson Junior College 9752/02 Source F While recognising the newness of the ASEAN Regi onal Forum (ARF), some witnesses expressed reservations about it. Its limitations included the pa ce at which it was developing, its size, and its lack of focus or capacity to address the serious, real or potential conflicts in the region. The level of dialogue possible on a bilateral basis through th e various defence cooperation programs in the region was significantly higher than that afforded by the ASEAN Regional Forum at this stage. For all the misgivings, there were positive assessments of the achievements of th e ARF so far. Witnesses recognised that there was a need for a multilateral strategic vehicle in the region and that something was better than nothing. It offered a forum for the informal discussion of regional issues and had proved to be useful on the South China Sea issue, although whether a resolution is any closer is doubtful. Most of these positive assessments spoke in terms of the ARF's potential. A report presented to the Australian parliament by a committee examining Australia’s relations with ASEAN, April 1998. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided by Sources C and D on ASEAN’s attitudes towards communist Vietnam. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-F support the view that ASEAN’s attempts at promoting regional peace and security were largely ineffective? [30]

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