EJC H2 HIST P1 Suggested Outlines

H2 HISTORY (9752/01) Paper 1: Shaping the International Order 2018 Sharing of Suggested Answers 1 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION SUGGESTED OUTLINES PAPER 1: INTERNATIONAL ORDER SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED CASE STUDY 1a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources A and B on Reagan’s policies towards Eastern Europe. Similarity: Reagan’s focus and intent on undermining Communist control in EE> Difference: Approach to achieving this intent is different: Underground means via Solidarity vs over and blatant nature urging Gorbachev. Context of Similarity: Continuity of Reagan’s intentions between his two terms to take down communism Context of difference : Change in context due to Gorbachev’s rise between A and B and Reagan’s move towards reconciliation against his hawkish approach in A. On the whole, more similar than different – Reagan’s means changed but end remains the same. 1b) How far do sources A to F support th e view that Reagan and Gorbachev deserve all the credit for the end of the Cold War? Support: A, B, D and E Challenge: C and F Potential Both/Mix: A Suggested sequence of sources and cross reference in context: - B reinforced by A - A and B reinforced by E - ABE reinforced by D - Support set interrogated by F - F reinforced by C to question support se.

H2 HISTORY (9752/01) Paper 1: Shaping the International Order 2018 Sharing of Suggested Answers 2 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION SUGGESTED ANSWERS PAPER 1 INTERNATIONAL ORDER SECTION B: ESSAYS 2 How significant were the roles played by Western Europe and Japan in the growth of the global economy from 1945-2000? [30] Possible Approach GA1: Western Europe and Japan helped to sustain the growth triggered by USA’s massive capital input through their mixed economy m odel (Keynesian economics) and advantages of state-intervention in economic growth. GA2: Western Europe & Japan also leveraged on the “economic miracles” they were undergoing in the 1950s by expanding their domestic economies to contribute to regional and international trade. This served to promote trade liberalisation and growth of more economies in the non-communist sphere. GA3: However, they also played a dampening role on the global economy through the use of their unfair protectionist policies in the 1970s and 1980s. GA4: At the same time, the role of the USA also needs to considered as the foundational architect and enabler of Western Europe and Japan’s recovery from the destruction of WWII GA5: The USA also played a more long-sustained role of providing the necessary global economic infrastructure for trade liberalisation to continue to flourish even when individual economies may face a downturn, as even USA itself did in the 1970s. 3 The government’s role in the spectacu lar growth of Korea’s economy from the 1970s-1990 was more critical than any other factor. Discuss. [30] GA1: The role of the government brought about economic development for South Korea as Park Chung Hee’s regime implemented interventionist strategies that were instrumental in the drive towards an export-oriented economy from the 1960s to the early 1970s including tapping on a strong Confucian culture through education policies. GA2: Similarly, the government under Park changed tactics and began focusing more on allocation of resources for investment, etc, in the 1970s in lieu of US rapprochement with PRC and détente with USSR, which enabled it to become the main engine for economic growth. GA3: However, the role of the government changed after Park’s assassination in 1979 as his successors’ dictatorships were not able to replicate the same level of economic progress, showing the vital importance of the government since their decline also resulted in the overall economy’s decline in the 1980s. GA4: Amidst the changes in the role of the gov ernment over time, the role of private businesses such as the chaebols became more instrumental from the late 1970s and 1980s.

H2 HISTORY (9752/01) Paper 1: Shaping the International Order 2018 Sharing of Suggested Answers 3 GA5: Building on other causal factors, international developments allowed certain key players such as USA and Japan to play important roles in South Korea’s economic rise as well. 4 Did the major powers help or hi nder the United Nations’ peacekeeping efforts between 1945 and 2000? [30] GA1: During the Cold War, major powers appeared to have been a great help to peacekeeping efforts, either through direct leadership of various operations or contributions of troops/financial resources ● Korea, Congo and Suez GA2: However, despite the operationalisation of these peacekeeping efforts, much of it quickly become mired in Cold War tensions and controversies that undermined the neutrality of such operations and weighed down PKOs in terms of politics and funding. At the same time, the frequency of peacekeeping efforts was dismal despite the rise of bilateral and decolonisation- related conflicts. ● Korea, ONUC, UNEF, Cold War impotence in general GA3: Major powers obstruction to UN peacekeeping continued despite the end of the Cold War, as the pursuit of their own interests that sometimes ran contrary to peacekeeping missions resulted in failures of these missions, or the lack of any UN action/attempt to address conflicts ● Somalia, Rwanda vs Gulf war But major powers withdrawal in Somalia and lack of action in Rwanda stemmed not from deliberate attempt to obstruct operations but extenuating circumstances GA4: Despite such hindrances the P5 posed, especially towards the mid-1990s, these instances of P5 hindrance have been eclipsed by the remarkable successes that have followed in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War’s end, as well as the UN’s resurgence towards the end of the 20th century. ○ Cambodia, East Timor, End of Cold War rivalry infesting UN PKOs 5 “A mere paper tiger.” How far do y ou agree with this assessment of the International Court of Justice in the years 1945-2000? [30] GA1: The ICJ is considered a paper tiger because its actual powers and influence are severely limited by numerous restrictions, despite its status as the world’s highest court. GA2: Likewise, even though its judgements are binding and can be enforced by Security Council, the judgements can be ignored and the enforcement process remained saddled by issues of vetoes

H2 HISTORY (9752/01) Paper 1: Shaping the International Order 2018 Sharing of Suggested Answers 4 GA3: Yet, such labels may be unfair, since advisory opinions were not meant to be binding in the first place, but to inject clarity in interpretation of laws. The metaphor of the ICJ as a tiger in any sense is therefore flawed to begin with. GA4: Moreover, the ICJ is far from being a paper tiger if one looks at how it has produced binding judgements that were respected and had much significance in UN’s history However, ICJ tends to be more successful only in legal disputes territory and the successes in examples given above were not unequivocal either. GA5: To the problem of non-compulsory jurisdiction, the Statute of the ICJ also has an Optional Clause (36) that countries could adopt that have resulted in many countries subjecting themselves to compulsory jurisdiction, rendering arguments about it being a paper tiger somewhat baseless. However, the optional nature of the compulsory jurisdiction is precisely what makes the ICJ a paper tiger. While in theory this allowed the Court automatic jurisdiction in cases concerning nearly a third of the UN, countries could choose to withdraw/not renew it, especially when the outcomes were not in their favour.