RVHS H2 HIST P1

2016 RVHS Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2 Page 1 of 5 9731/01 History       HISTORY 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 15 September 2016 3 hours   READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write in dark blue or black ink. You may use a HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.                   This document consists of 4 printed pages. RIVER VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL Year 6 Preliminary Examination 2 In preparation for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level HIGHER 2

2016 RVHS Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2 Page 2 of 5 9731/01 History   Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND PEACEKEEPING AFTER THE COLD WAR 1 Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A Between the tasks of seeking to prevent conflict and keeping the peace lies the responsibility to try to bring hostile parties to agreement by peaceful means. Chapter VI of the Charter sets forth a comprehensive list of such means for the resolution of conflict. These have been amplified in various declara tions adopted by the General Assembly, including the Manila Declaration of 1982 on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes. The United Nations has had wide experie nce in the application of these peaceful means. The present determination in the Security Council to resolve international disputes in the manner foreseen in the Charter has opened the way for a more active Council role. With greater unity has come leverage and persuasiv e power to lead hostile parties towards negotiations. I urge the Council to take full advant age of the provisions of the Charter under which it may recommend appropriate procedures or methods for dispute settlement and, if all the parties to a dispute so request, make recommendations to the parties for a pacific settlement of the dispute. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, 1992. Source B After 1988 UN peacekeeping went through someth ing of a transition. With glasnost and perestroika came an unprecedented co-operat ion among the five permanent members of the Security Council leading to an era of ex pansion and optimism. This was not only in terms of the number of missions undertaken, but also in the scope of activity. More peacekeeping operations have be en established since 1989 than in the previous 45 years of the UN's history. In peacekeeping operations during this era, such as the UN Observer Mission in El Salvador in 1991-95 and the UN Transitional Aut hority in Cambodia in 1992-93, there was consent of some of the parties involved. But, the peace agreement s were complex and multidimensional. These operations were deployed as part of negotiated political solutions. Peacekeepers were also given new tasks su ch as electoral assistance, human rights monitoring, resettlement of refugees, police training, protection of humanitarian relief

2016 RVHS Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2 Page 3 of 5 9731/01 History   efforts, and disarmament and demobilisation of armed forces. An increasing regard for humanitarian intervention further widened the scope of peacekeeping mandates. A historian’s account of the evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping, 2005. Source C The failure of peacekeeping operations in Rwan da, Somalia, Bosnia…show how difficult it is to stop ethnic violence and to mediate in a very difficult and hopeless situation. The above tragedies shamed the world and lost res pect for the UN and made the real task of making the organization work, a difficult one. This was a time when UN peacekeeping was brought to chaos. The various military comm anders involved wondered how diplomats who clearly did not understand the basic rules of peacekeeping were qualified to produce a haystack of resolutions in the Security Council leading to death and danger on the ground— all the decisions taken in secret sessions —and no one held accountable. The soldiers came to believe that the politicians never intended them to fu lfill the mandates and concluded that the peacekeeping exercise was a charade. The soldiers were blamed for failing to do things for which they were never mandated, staffed, financed, equipped or deployed to do. Vijay Mehta, Chairperson of Action for UN Renewal, speaking at a conference on 27 March 2008. Source D The world community is unwilling to provide the UN with resources to undertake enforcement tasks. Without the political support of the five permanent members of the Security Council and, in particular, the logist ical, financial and political support of the United States, no operation has ever been completed successfully. In this light, passing resolutions under UN C hapter VII without provid ing the organisations with adequate resources for the mandate drains the process of credibility. A force equipped for peace enforcement would not enjoy the same acceptance as a friendly and impartial force. A peace enforcement force must be equipped to operate in a hostile atmosphere. So, one of the basic principles of peacekeeping-the use of forc e in self-defence-has to be considered. Mandates should suit the situation. In July 1995, Serb forces overrun the UN- declared 'safe area' of Srebreni ca and thousands of Muslim ci vilians were slaughtered in full view of the lightly armed UNPROFOR c ontingent whose mandate did not extend to the use of force to protect civilians. From an academic in the Turkish Ministry of National Defence, published in 2000.

2016 RVHS Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2 Page 4 of 5 9731/01 History   Source E By 2 February 1995, UNOSOM II troop strength was reduced to 7,956, comprising Pakistani, Egyptian and Bangladeshi cont ingents and the rema ining headquarters personnel. As the withdrawal accelerated, m ilitary support provided by UNOSOM troops to United Nations agencies, human rights organization and NGOs still engaged in humanitarian activities was greatly reduced. With the major reductions starting in mid- February, it was no longer possible for UNOSOM II troops to extend the necessary protection even within Mogadishu. The mission’ s withdrawal was completed by 28 March 1995. Although its ambitious plan to rebuild the in ternal structures of a functioning state did not prove possible in the face of the inability of the Soma li factions to come to terms with each other, success was greatest in the humanitari an field. Millions of Somalis benefited from these activities and, at a minimum, an estimated quarter of a million lives were saved. Adapted from a UN publication, “Blue Helmets—A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping”, 1996. Now answer the following question. “Peacekeeping after the Cold War can only be deemed a failure.” How far do sources A-E support this view about the United Nations?

2016 RVHS Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2 Page 5 of 5 9731/01 History   Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 “Ideology was only a pretext for national in terests.” How far do you agree with this statement about the origins of the Cold War? 3 How significant was the August Coup of 1991 in causing the collapse of the Soviet Union? 4 “Compared with the USA’s ro le, the impact of the Br etton-Woods system was negligible in the rapid growth of the pos t-war international e