NJC H2 HIST P2 Question

1 NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE General Certificate of Education Advanced Level SH2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2016 HISTORY 9731/02 Higher 2 Paper 2 30 August 2016 History of Southeast Asia, c.1900-1997 3 Hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and registration number in the space provided on the answer paper. Write in dark blue or black ink. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. Please start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper, and label your answers clearly according to the question number. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. Please place the cover sheet in front of your examination script. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. This question paper consists of 4 printed pages.

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF ASEAN IN A POST-COLD WAR WORLD 1. Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A WE, the Foreign Ministers of the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; EMPHASISE the necessity to resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional issues pertaining to the South China Sea by peaceful means, without resort to force; […] URGE all parties concerned to exercise restraint with the view to creating a positive climate for the eventual resolution of all disputes; RESOLVE, without prejudicing the sovereignty and jurisdiction of countries having direct interests in the area, to explore the possibility of cooperation in the South China Sea relating to the safety of maritime navigation and communication An excerpt taken from the ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea, signed in Manila, Philippines, 22 July 1992 Source B ASEAN security concerns in the post-Cold War era stretch beyond the Southeast Asian region and involve the behaviour and intentions of powers such as China. The kind of regional order that ASEAN has struggled to maintain within Southeast Asia requires an effort to influence major actors and security conditions outside the region. This, indeed, is a task for which ASEAN is ill-equipped to assume. The [...] termination of the Cold War has resulted in a less predictable environment in which the support of key actors over issues that affect it cannot be taken for granted. Th e point of contact between China and Southeast Asia is the South China Sea, an issue whose outcome will define the region's relationship with its more powerful neighbour. The hope is that China can be engaged in a dialogue with ASEAN and other affected states through which it would become aware of their views. At the conference held in Bandung in 1991, however, the Chinese delegation insisted its participation did not indicate a change of position with regard to China's sovereignty over the South China Sea. Adapted from an academic journal article, titled “Southeast Asia in the Post Cold War Era”, published in the Asian Survey, September 1992 Source C ASEAN does have a modest track-record in help ing to resolve international conflict. Since 1986 when the Uruguay R ound of world trade talks began, ASEAN has from time to time joined forces with other developing countries in successfully achieving compromise in the trade negotiations, against larger industrial nations. There is no question that this year's meetings in Bangkok will have a special significance in ASEAN's history and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) will be the reason …. However, questions are still being asked about the future effectiveness of ARF. One is whether a country as powerful militarily as China will

3 bother to pay attention to what others say in the forum. This is seen in China's recent legislation allowing it to use force to defend it s Spratlys’ claim and rejection of multilateral talks to discuss the claims. Another is whether the absence of countries involved in the main areas of conflict will allow the fo rum to do anything meaningful . Four topics were repeatedly mentioned: Cambodia, the South China Sea, Burma and Korea. Absent from ARF were, Cambodia, Taiwan, Burma and North Korea. A newspaper article (adapted), titled “How Effective is the ASEAN Regional Forum?” published in The Bangkok Post, 31 July 1994 Source D Interviewer: AFTA was supposed to begin its tariff cutting on Jan. 1, 1993, but the program has slipped a year. Are you confident it is on track at last? Datuk Ajit Singh: I think AFTA has been suffering from a bad public image. To think that within a year, building up from scratch, we have been able to agree on a product list of over 40,000 items -- the inclusion list, which has now been published in disk and printed form. We have also got the exclusion list agreed now. And to have agreed on a common date, 1994, for the effective implementation of the preferences is, I think, a great achievement. We were not able to do this within one year because there was so much of this organizational work to be done. The political decision to implement AFTA was taken and the leaders said you go and now implement it. And I'm confident we will be able to achieve it even before the 15 years. An excerpt from an interview with Datuk Ajit Singh, Secretary General of ASEAN (1993 – 1997), published in The Asian Wall Street Journal, 23 December 1993 Source E An outstanding achievement is ASEAN's formal dialogue programme with important external powers. Like no other group of countries in the 'Third World' (not even the Latin American Rio Group), ASEAN has managed to gain internat ional attention through its well-established dialogue sessions conducted at high levels. This type of dialogue produced three main results in favour of ASEAN: the association is regarded as an equal and important actor in the international field, ASEAN's opportunities to enter into re gular exchange of views with leading world powers, and the capacity of the group to play a respected role in international fora like the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) or even to parent new institutions like the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). For example, the fact that ASEAN was able to convince China to participate in the ARF to discuss security issues of international concern must be considered one of ASEAN's most valuable achievements in foreign diplomacy. Excerpt from an article written by a German academic, published in the academic journal Pacific Review, 1998 Now answer the following question. To what extent do Sources A to E support the view that ASEAN’s activities in a post-Cold War world reflect more strengths than weaknesses?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries 2. Assess the view that prior to World War II, colonial powers had succeeded in managing nationalism in Southeast Asia. 3. “Collaboration defined the nationalist’s relationship with the colonial powers.” How far does this statement explain the end of colonial rule? 4. Evaluate the view that communism had significant political influence in Southeast Asia after independence. 5. To what extent was government intervention in Southeast Asia’s economy after 1945 a positive force? 6. How far do you agree that historical animosities was the worst threat to regional stability in Southeast Asia between 1945 and 1997? GOOD LUCK – YOU CAN DO IT!